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历史的车轮经常倒转

已有 597 次阅读 2024-5-8 09:06 |系统分类:科研笔记

1 历史的车轮滚滚向前，不可阻挡

“Beyond these considerations, the importance of many of the more recent developments cannot be evaluated objectively at this time. The history of mathematics teaches us that many subjects which aroused tremendous enthusiasm and engaged the attention of the best mathematicians ultimately faded into oblivion ... Indeed one of the interesting questions that the history answers is what survives in mathematics. History makes its own and sounder evaluations.” --Morris Kline, Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times, Oxford University Press, 1972, ISBN 0-19-506136-5 引申：历史是最公正的。历史反复证明，那些在当世喧嚣尘上的东西往往是主流学者刻意炒作的糟粕，而那些被当世打压的经常是真金白银。 Expansion: History serves as the ultimate arbiter. It consistently reveals that what is often overemphasized by the prominent scholars of an era is often merely the intentional promotion of mediocrity, while that which is suppressed by the prevailing contemporary scholars often reveals itself to be authentic and of true value.

2 历史经常倒退

但是我们的世界是一个复杂的世界，历史的车轮经常倒转，

朝代的循环更迭就是证据之一。

当正确的理论和错误的理论相遇，并不是正确的理论总能胜出。

并不是多数人认同的都是正确的；

所有的审稿人和期刊都拒绝的稿件并不一定不是优秀的稿件。

"秀才遇上兵，有理说不出“不是秀才的表达能力不行

不要相信人们总是站在正确的一边；

https://www.peeref.com/roulette-hubs/1044

A considerable number of individuals are inclined to align with authority, seemingly believing that this aligning somehow validates their own greatness.

在科学上，原来已经有正确的理论，但后来被错误理论取代的事情经常发生。

"One of the interesting phenomena is that wrong understanding can become dominant for long after the establishment of a correct theory.

Misuse of a textbook principle has been identified 91 times among different publications by different research groups ^[5].

The problems in Le Chatelier's principle have been identified for long ^[6], but the wrong principle is still taught in modern classrooms.

The concepts concerning the Gibbs–Duhem Equation were originally established correctly ^[7]. However, these concepts have been misunderstood, and manuscripts with the correct interpretations were rejected for publication, while those with the wrong understanding have been numerously published ^[8]. This has led to the related corrections becoming difficult ^[9].

Current theories of microwave absorption have confused film with material ^[1]^[10] though the two are distinctively different ^[11]^[12]. This confusion has resulted in the film parameter reflection loss RL being used to characterize the absorption of material ^[1]^[10]^[13 -^36] while it should be used to characterize the absorption from metal-backed film other than from material ^[11]^[37]^[38]. The confusion is caused by a misinterpretation of transmission line theory, though, when correctly used, it can provide the correct electromagnetic theory for microwaves. This confusion has caused many problems with the interpretation of experimental data, but in order to solve these problems, research has not been directed to correct the confusion but into developing wrong concepts such as those involving impedance matching theory, the quarter-wavelength theory, and the wrong absorption mechanism for film ^[11]^[37 -^43]. A large number of papers have been published in which experimental data has been used unconvincingly to support these wrong theories. Only recently have the problems been identified and solved by the establishment of the new wave mechanics theories for microwave absorption ^[11]^[40]^[42]^[44] which has been shown to interpret experimental data more accurately than current theories ^[11]^[37]^[38]^[40]^[45].

In this work, problems in ref. ^[46] associated with the wrong theories are discussed in detail. Although these wrong theories have already dominated the field for a long time with a great number of papers published ^[1]^[13]^[14]^[47 -^50], their corrections can be easily done from basic principles of wave mechanics at the college level, and the issues are important since the conclusions of those published results are not reliable."

---- [Commentary] Comments on: “A perspective on impedance matching and resonance absorption mechanism for electromagnetic wave absorbing” by Hou et al. [Carbon 222 (2024) 118935] - Article (Preprint v1) by Yue Liu et al. | Qeios

中文翻译和注释：

一个有趣的现象是，

在建立正确的理论之后，与之相对立的错误理论随后可能战胜以前的正确理论，

并且错误理论会在很长一段时间内占据主导地位。

牛顿时代，科学家有纯纯的科学研究动机，

牛顿时代的科学家更重视用建立在数学逻辑基础上的理论研究，重视用理论方法揭示实验现象背后的本质，

因而牛顿时代建立了众多伟大的理论学科。

然而现代科学更加功利，不愿意下功夫做理论研究，热衷于用高精尖的仪器做表面文章，

因此少有能与牛顿时代建立的理论相媲美的新理论在现代科学中产生。

因为主流科学家没有真学问，学术造假日益严重。

图片误用的鉴别是个技术活，因此很多图片误用被鉴别出来。

但是鉴别文章结论是否有错，

鉴别文章是不是垃圾，

需要真正的学术水平，

但是现代科学家缺乏这种学术鉴别能力，他们的学术欣赏能力被严重扭曲。

主流科学家的学术鉴别力是根据文章发表期刊的等级鉴别文章的质量。

文章质量可以用影响因子评估吗

不能用文章发表期刊的等级来判断论文的学术质量

伟大的科学常常因为需要超越主流公认的科学而被嘲笑

高被引的文章并不代表是好文章

排行凸显的高他引论文鲜有原创

颠覆性成果很难发表在顶刊

垃圾文章的大量产出导致的问题不仅仅是虚假繁荣

为什么当代出版实践扭曲了科学

因为自己心虚，担心自己文章出现基本原理的错误被别人揭露，

他们集体建立潜规则，不容许别人纠错。

科学就是质疑；你好，我好，大家都好就不会有科学

Vazire, S., 2020. A toast to the error detectors. Nature. 577, 9.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-03909-2

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42452-020-2498-5

“Most researchers are keen in reporting new experimental results and this can be achieved quickly and relatively easily with the resource of state-of-the-art equipment. A minority are more interested in using their experimental data to clarify current theories or develop new ones. This latter type of work can be difficult, time-consuming, and requires solid knowledge in science. However, the former type of research has become dominant nowadays with the result that reporting experimental results has become the norm and advances in theory are seldom to be found in the literature. The most obvious reason for this disparity is that experimental results with eye-catching presentations are often exciting and attractive; [16] and can therefore be considered as more important than theoretical work which can seem dull and too basic since real understanding usually originates from the rudiments of science established long before. For example, the passive film proposal for metal protection based on the anodic polarization has already entered textbooks because it seemed that a problem had been resolved and the solution was satisfactory. But the proposal has flaws which can be readily fixed by using the concepts of college physics [17]. A further example is the widely applied concept of reflection loss RL in the field of material research but the currently accepted practices contradicts basic principles in physics [18,19,20,21,22]. As a result, theoretical gaps have developed between the published work of researchers in microwave absorbing materials and microwave engineers.”

“The imbalance between the aims of research work has developed presumably because most researchers believe publishing many papers on experimental results provides a clearer career path compared to theoretical work which can be incomplete and needs ratification from experiments [23, 24]. Thus, there is less enthusiasm for reviewing published experimental data [25] since to comprehend theoretical background needs a lot of previous training and it is hard work even to learn from textbooks. However, theoretical research can be worthwhile and generally helpful to the experimentalists. For example, based on the rudiments of crystal structure of ferrites,[26, 27] their synthetism has been optimized to achieve better results [28, 29]. After theoretical considerations, the relationship between Fourier series expansion in mathematics and Hückel theory in chemistry has been revealed [30]. Lacking interest in fundamental theory can lead to problems in academic honesty [31,32,33,34,35] and mistakes [1,2,3,4,5, 7,8,9,10,11, 17,18,19,20,21,22] in publications, originating from the fact that researchers are, perhaps necessarily, too eager for the next publication.”