视频文件

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&id=1187726

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&id=1187126

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0H-amOti_o

Why You Should Never Say "It's Just A Theory"

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英汉对照（机器翻译）

hey it's professor Dave I want to tell

嘿，我是戴夫教授，我想告诉

you about the scientific method what is

你科学方法，

within the domain of science rocks the

科学领域内的内容是什么，岩石，

ocean the human body stars and planets

海洋，人体，恒星和行星，这样的例子

the list goes on if we want to learn

不胜枚举，如果我们想了解

about these things we must learn about

这些东西，我们必须了解

the way we learn so we must certainly

我们学习的方式，所以 我们当然必须

understand the scientific method which

了解

is rooted in the time of Aristotle but

植根于亚里士多德时代但

truly came to maturity around the time

在

of Galileo and Newton this is the

伽利略和牛顿时代真正成熟的科学方法，这是

framework from which we attain all of

我们获得

our knowledge about the universe

有关宇宙的所有知识的框架，

some people believe that there are

有些人相信有些

things we can know that science could

东西我们认为是正确的。 可以知道科学

never explain but science is the study

永远无法解释，但科学是对

of everything it comes from the latin

一切事物的研究，它来自拉丁

word that means to know science doesn't

词，意思是知道科学

currently know everything there are

目前并不知道一切，

things we are trying to figure out in

every scientific field right at this

此时此刻我们正在试图弄清楚每个科学领域的一些事情，

very moment but we know so much that we

但是 我们知道了很多

didn't know before and every day we know

以前不知道的东西，而且每天我们都知道了

a little more it's important to

更多一点，

understand how the scientific method

了解科学方法是如何

works and why it's the only way to

运作的以及为什么它是

actually truly know anything about the

真正了解

world that is outside your own

你自己

subjective personal experience a certain

主观个人经验之外的世界的唯一方法是很重要的

fraction of our culture tends to reject

我们文化中的某一部分倾向于拒绝

science making statements like well we

科学陈述，我们

don't know if that's true

不知道这是否属实，这

it's just a theory but these kinds of

只是一种理论，但这类

statements reflect a deep

陈述反映了

misunderstanding of certain concepts

对某些概念的深刻误解让我们

let's first define the terms observation

首先定义术语观察假设

hypothesis theory and law as they

理论和定律

pertain to science when most people use

与科学有关，当大多数人

the word theory in common language they

在通用语言中使用“理论”这个词时，他们的

mean a guess but that is actually what a

意思是猜测，但这实际上是假设的意思。假设是对

hypothesis is a hypothesis is a

tentative explanation of observations

观察结果的尝试性解释，假设

let's say we make an observation about a

我们对

natural phenomenon like an object

自然现象（例如物体

falling to the ground we could observe

坠落到地面）进行观察 我们可以观察

the object and how fast it falls and we

物体以及它下落的速度，我们

might try to guess something fundamental

可能会尝试猜测

about the phenomenon of falling maybe we

有关下落现象的一些基本知识，也许我们

would hypothesize that objects fall at a

会假设物体下落的

speed that is proportional to their mass

速度与其质量成正比，

so heavier things fall more quick

因此较重的物体下落得更快

Klee and lighter things fall more slowly

克利，而较轻的物体下落更快 慢慢地，

as that seems pretty intuitive we may

因为这看起来很直观，我们可能会

then get an idea for some way to test

想出某种方法来检验

our hypothesis an experiment is a way

我们的假设，实验是

that we can gather empirical evidence

我们收集经验证据的一种方式，通过将

that will either support or refute the

hypothesis by comparing data to

数据与

predictions we have made in this case

我们在这种情况下所做的预测进行比较，这些证据将支持或反驳假设

the experiment is pretty obvious we

这个实验非常明显，我们

could drop objects of varying masses

可以从同一点扔下不同质量的物体

from the same point and see how fast

，看看

they fall like Galileo is rumored to

它们下落的速度有多快，就像传说中伽利略

have done from the top of the Leaning

Tower of Pisa

in 1589 we might choose to drop an apple

在 1589 年从比萨斜塔顶部所做的那样，我们可能会选择扔下一个苹果

and a feather and the result would seem

和一根羽毛 结果似乎

to support our hypothesis but if we are

支持我们的假设，但如果我们

clever we will realize that we need to

聪明的话，我们会意识到，当我们进行科学研究时，我们需要

eliminate all the extraneous variables

消除所有无关变量。

when we do science the ideal situation

理想的情况

is to limit an experiment to one

是将实验限制为一个

independent variable and one dependent

自变量和一个因

variable the independent variable is the

变量，自变量是

one that we can alter at will in this

我们可以随意改变的变量，在这种

case the mass of the object since we

情况下，是物体的质量，因为我们

could drop an object of any mass the

可以掉落任何质量的物体，因

dependent variable in this case the

变量，在这种情况下，

speed at which the object falls is the

物体下落的速度是

one that should change its value based

应该根据值改变其值的变量

on the value of the independent variable

if there is any correlation between them

如果它们之间存在任何相关性，则它们是自变量的，

so if we are testing how the rate of

因此如果我们要测试

descent correlates with the mass of the

下降率与

object we must drop two objects that are

物体质量的相关性，我们必须放下两个除了质量之外

identical in every way apart from their

在各方面都相同的物体，

mass no other variables like shape or

没有其他变量，例如形状或

wind resistance should be involved that

风 应该涉及阻力，

way all the data we collect will be

这样我们收集的所有数据都将

specific to our inquiry if we were to

针对我们的调查，如果我们要

drop two spheres with differing masses

掉落两个质量不同的球体，

we would see just as Galileo did that

我们会看到就像伽利略所做的那样，

they fall at precisely the same rate

它们以完全相同的速度下落，

this would refute our prior hypothesis

这将反驳我们先前的假设

and force us to refine the existing one

和力量

or develop a completely new one if we

如果我们

can add to a hypothesis so that it

可以添加到一个假设中，使其

becomes comprehensive enough to

变得足够全面，足以将

correlate a larger body of data with

大量数据与

just a couple of equations or postulates

几个方程相关联，或者假设

it can become a theory this is how

它可以成为一种理论，那么我们就可以改进现有的假设或开发一个全新的假设，这就是

Newton arrived at his gravitational

牛顿的原理 在他的引力

theory he took the data from Galileo

理论中，他从伽利略那里获取了

about objects falling on earth as well

关于落在地球上的物体的数据，

as data from Kepler about the orbits of

以及从开普勒那里获取了关于

the planets around the Sun and

行星绕太阳运行的轨道的数据，

he realized that it could all be

他意识到这一切都可以

explained by a single concept and

用一个概念和

furthermore a single equation this

一个方程来解释。

equation explains the motion of any

解释了

object in a gravitational field whether

引力场中任何物体的运动，无论是

on earth or in space so it correlates a

在地球上还是在太空中，因此它关联了

tremendous amount of data and explains

大量的数据，并

observable phenomena simply and

简单而优雅地解释了可观察到的现象，

elegantly we can even use this equation

我们甚至可以使用这个方程

to do predictive calculations which is

进行预测计算，这就是

how we send objects through space we

我们如何将物体发送到太空

could send a probe towards the outer

可以将探测器发送到外

solar system using math to predict that

太阳系，使用数学来预测

at a certain time the probe and a

在某个时间探测器和某个

particular planet will be near each

特定行星将彼此靠近，

other so that it can take pictures of

以便它可以拍摄该行星的照片

the planet and when that time comes

，当那个时间到来时，

there it is just as the math said it

它就像数学一样 说是

would be so a theory is not a guess in

这样，所以理论不是猜测

fact many theories have been shown to be

事实上，许多理论已被证明是

consistent beyond reasonable doubt there

一致的，

is no doubt that gravity is real we use

毫无疑问，重力是真实的，我们

atomic theory every day and if atoms

每天都使用原子理论，如果原子

weren't real chemistry could not exist

不是真正的化学就不可能存在，

so that we can do chemistry at all makes

所以 我们可以做化学使

atomic theory consistent beyond

原子理论毫无疑问地一致，

reasonable doubt the same can be said

for the Big Bang Theory evolutionary

大爆炸理论进化论

theory and so forth a big misconception

等等也可以这么说，一个很大的误解

is that a theory has less certainty than

是理论的确定性不如

a law and that a theory would become a

定律，理论会成为

law if proven to be true this is not at

定律 如果被证明是正确的，那么事实并非如此，

all the case a law is a summary of

定律是观察的总结，与

observations which is very different

from a theory take gravity for example

理论有很大不同，以重力为例，

the law of gravity says that if you drop

万有引力定律说，如果你掉落

something it will fall to the earth

某物，

every time we drop something it falls to

每次我们掉落时它都会落到地球上 有些东西落到

the earth so it's a law it's just what

地球上，所以这是一个定律，这就是

happens but this law does not explain

发生的事情，但这个定律并不能解释

why this happens for that we need a

为什么会发生这种情况，因为我们需要

theory like general relativity which is

像广义相对论这样的理论，这是

Einstein's theory of gravity that

爱因斯坦的引力理论，它是对

improved on Newton's this says that

牛顿引力理论的改进，它说

space-time is warped around massive

时空是扭曲的 围绕着大质量

objects so the theory explains why an

物体，所以该理论解释了为什么一个

object would fall to the earth as well

物体会落到地球上，

as why the planets revolve around the

以及为什么行星围绕太阳旋转，

Sun so in reality a theory is worth more

所以在现实中，理论比定律更有价值，

than a law furthermore theories must

而且

make predictions if it doesn't make

如果理论不能使

concrete quantitative falsifiable

具体的定量结果可证伪，那么它就必须做出预测

predictions about reality it

对现实的预测

not science and if a theory makes

不是科学，如果一个理论做出的

predictions that turn out to be false

预测被证明是错误的，

then we have to discard the theory

那么我们就必须放弃这个使

that's what makes science so powerful if

科学如此强大的理论，如果

we find a theory that correlates data

我们找到一个将数据关联起来的理论，

and every prediction it makes about

并且它对未来事件所做的每一个预测都是

future events is true and too high

正确的，并且

degrees of precision then that theory

精度太高，那么该理论

must have some explanatory power about

必须对宇宙的本质有一定的解释力，

the nature of the universe so that is

所以这就是

how we do science we start with

我们做科学的方式，我们从

observation from which we formulate a

观察开始，从中提出

hypothesis and then gather empirical

假设，然后

data through experiments if the data

通过实验收集经验数据，如果数据

yields consistent results we might

产生一致的结果，我们 可能会

formulate a law or if we can organize

制定一条定律，或者如果我们可以将

all the data into an equation or set of

所有数据组织成一个方程或一组假设，

postulates we have a theory and in this

我们就有了一个理论，这样，

way common sense and intuition which are

biased due to our innate desires and

由于我们天生的欲望和

limited mental capacity don't hold a

有限的心理能力而产生偏差的常识和直觉就无法比拟

candle to the rigorous and impartial

严格而公正的

approach that is the scientific method

方法，即科学方法

==================

Normative Theories of the Press

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0hzkLnWq4A

Learn Research Theory

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EzY9ePFfCU

What is Theory? What is Theoretical Framework in Research? Developing Framework with Examples

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GPs-Q62D_Ns

The Role of Theory in Research

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NNVHA63hPc

The Role of Theory in Research

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uaArhpPwlIA

What is Theory

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cldYj0Dr5dA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLoUCU7sFLA

What Is Theory

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7zUzKeHEOA

What is a Theory?

Fact vs. Theory vs. Hypothesis vs. Law… EXPLAINED

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqk3TKuGNBA

What’s the difference between a scientific law and theory

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GyN2RhbhiEU&t=41s

The scientific method is crap: Teman Cooke at TEDxLancaster

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j12BBcKSgEQ

The Times and Troubles of the Scientific Method

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8wi0QnYN6s