||
Yet, in fact, as I shall show here with very good reasons, the properties of the numbers known today have been mostly discovered by observation, and discovered long before their truth has been confirmed by rigid demonstrations.
——Leonhard Paul Euler
事实上,正如我以非常充分的理由在此将要指出的那样,今天人们所知道的数的性质,几乎都是由观察所发现的,并且早在用严格论证确认其真实性之前就被发现了。
[图片,科普,数学] 素数(38):黎曼ζ函数 Riemann zeta function 的零点之一
黎曼ζ函数: Riemann zeta function, Riemann ζ function
平凡零点: trivial zero
非平凡零点: nontrivial zero
临界带: critical strip
素数: prime number
算术基本定理: fundamental theorem of arithmetic
素数计数函数: prime counting function
素数定理: prime number theorem
对数积分: logarithmic integral
唯一分解定理: unique factorization theorem
黎曼假设: Riemann Hypothesis
希尔伯特的第 8问题: Hilbert's 8th Problem
网上有不少对黎曼ζ函数(Riemann zeta function, Riemann ζ function)零点(zeros)数值计算的结果。陆续搜集汇总如下:
The Riemann hypothesis asserts that the nontrivial zeros of ζ(s) all have real part σ = R[s] = 1/2, a line called the "critical line." This is known to be true for the first 10^(13) zeros.
黎曼假说认为,黎曼ζ函数的所有平凡零点全都有实部 σ = R[s] = 1/2,这条“临界线”上。众所周知,前 1013 非平凡零点都在这条线上。

图1 RiemannZetaZerosReIm_800.png
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/eps-svg/RiemannZetaZerosReIm_800.png

图2 RiemannZetaZerosContours_800.svg
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/eps-svg/RiemannZetaZerosContours_800.svg
The plots above show the real and imaginary parts of ζ(s) plotted in the complex plane together with the complex modulus of ζ(s). As can be seen, in right half-plane, the function is fairly flat, but with a large number of horizontal ridges. It is precisely along these ridges that the nontrivial zeros of ζ(s) lie.
上图显示了在复平面中绘制的ζ(s)的实部和虚部以及ζ(s)的复模量。可以看出,在右半平面上,函数相当平坦,但有大量的水平脊。ζ(s)的非平凡零点正是沿着这些脊。

图3 RiemannZetaZerosContoursReIm_850.svg
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/eps-svg/RiemannZetaZerosContoursReIm_850.svg
The position of the complex zeros can be seen slightly more easily by plotting the contours of zero real (red) and imaginary (blue) parts, as illustrated above. The zeros (indicated as black dots) occur where the curves intersect.
通过绘制零实部(红色)和虚部(蓝色)的轮廓,可以更容易地看到复数零点的位置,如上所示。零(表示为黑点)出现在曲线相交的地方。

图4 RiemannZetaAbs_800.svg
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/eps-svg/RiemannZetaAbs_800.svg
The above plot shows |ζ(1/2+it)| for t between 0 and 60.
上图显示了 t 在 0 到 60 之间的 |ζ(1/2+it)|。

图5 RiemannZetaSurfaces_900.svg
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/eps-svg/RiemannZetaSurfaces_900.svg

图6 CriticalLine_1001.svg
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/eps-svg/CriticalLine_1001.svg

图7 Riemann_zeta_function_absolute_value.png
https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/3/30/Riemann_zeta_function_absolute_value.png
参考资料:
[1] 葛力明,薛博卿. 黎曼ζ-函数的零点都有1/2+it的形式吗?[J]. 科学通报, 2018, 63(2): 141-147.
doi: 10.1360/N972017-00022
https://www.sciengine.com/CSB/doi/10.1360/N972017-00022
以前的《科学网》相关博文链接:
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