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Geniuses, the mathematician Paul Halmos wrote, "are of two kinds: the ones who are just like all of us, but very much more so, and the ones who, apparently, have an extra human spark. We can all run, and some of us can run the mile in less than 4 minutes; but there is nothing that most of us can do that compares with the creation of the Great G-minor Fugue."
Nash's genius was of that mysterious variety more often associated with music and art than with the oldest of all sciences. It wasn't merely that his mind worked faster, that his memory was more retentive, or that his power of concentration was greater.
The flashes of intuition were nonrational. Like other great mathematical intuitionists -Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, Jules Henri Poincare, Srinivasa Ramanujan-Nash saw the vision first, constructing the laborious proofs long afterward.
But even after he'd try to explain some astonishing result, the actual route he had taken remained a mystery to others who tried to follow his reasoning. Donald Newman, a mathematician who knew Nash at MIT in the 1950's, used to say about him that "everyone else would climb a peak by looking for a path somewhere on the mountain. Nash would climb another mountain altogether and from that distant peak would shine a searchlight back onto the first peak".
中文见王尔山的翻译本第二页。
我们总结一下数学家眼里的天才,参考王本。Halmos说,存在两类天才,第一种就是武夷山博文里提到的普通天才,象你我一样,但要更加卓越;第二种(还)具有非同寻常的智慧灵光。他进一步具体解释为:大家都能跑,其中一些人可以在5分钟里跑完2千米,但是我们中间大多数人根本不能取得和巴赫伟大的G小调赋格曲媲美的成就。我们关心的是第二种的天才。Nash的天才是神秘的,让人联想到音乐和艺术。不仅仅他的心智运转快,记忆力更加出众,或者更能集中注意力,这些都是能看到的,可以合理解释的。存在神秘的、常人或局外旁观者不能解释的是:产生伟大作品的直觉火花。它是神秘的、不能用常理解释。它来自何处?如何被产生的,怎样运作的? 这种神秘性,和音乐家工作方式类似。导致天才产生伟大工作的是:思想火花,即非同寻常的智慧灵光。
Nasar进一步指出:Nash的天才特征是他在解决数学问题前先有(看)vision。这个vision,我的理解就是大局观和框架,在解决问题前,要构思出框架(framework)。如同对一件艺术品和建筑,全局观和框架对研究工作(作品)很重要。Nash数学家同事解释他另外的显著特征是:不循规蹈矩的工作或思考方式。Nash解决问题方式是至上而下的:“其他人通常会在山上寻找攀登顶峰的道路。Nash却干脆爬上另外一座山,再反过来从那遥远的山峰用探照灯照射这座山。“(王本)
伟大工作是衡量一个人是否是天才的标准。天才的伟大工作来自于:智慧灵光和特有的工作方式。所谓智慧灵光,即灵感,往往来自于发现表面看来毫不相干的事情上,存在的联系。所有这些都来自于经验、积累以及运气。运气包括在某个时期和谁工作、听了谁的讲座、看了谁的文章等,比如Nash博士期间的工作和Neumann有关联,两者都在普林斯顿,尽管不同(后者在高等研究院,前者在大学数学系,Nash曾拜访过N大牛)。
当然所有这些都是建立在第一类普通天才所具备的共性基础上的,比如持久的集中力和坚韧的意志品质等。以上的论述似乎否定了天才要具有不同寻常的物质基础,从而武夷山老师的问题也就没有了意义。
借用鲁迅的名言,天才就是除了喝咖啡以外,所有时间都用在工作上了。
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