||
[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(16):高斯,除了算术基本定理、素数定理之外,对素数还有哪些看法?
素数: prime number
算术基本定理: fundamental theorem of arithmetic
素数计数函数: prime counting function
素数定理: prime number theorem
对数积分: logarithmic integral
唯一分解定理: unique factorization theorem
高斯: Johann Friedrich Carl Gauss, Carl Friedrich Gauss, 1777-04-30 ~ 1855-02-23, 77

图1 高斯 Johann Friedrich Carl Gauss, Carl Friedrich Gauss, 1777-04-30 ~ 1855-02-23, 77
https://ids.si.edu/ids/deliveryService?id=SIL-SIL14-g001-10&iframe=true&container.fullpage
Carl Friedrich Gauss worked in a wide variety of fields in both mathematics and physics incuding number theory, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, magnetism, astronomy and optics. His work has had an immense influence in many areas.
卡尔·弗里德里希·高斯在数学和物理学的各个领域都有工作,包括数论、分析学、微分几何、大地测量学、磁学、天文学和光学。他的工作在许多领域产生了巨大的影响。
一、高斯在素数方面的研究
1.1 算术基本定理 Fundamental theorem of arithmetic
1801年,24岁时提出:
任何大于1的整数只能以一种方式表示为素数的乘积。
Fundamental principle of number theory proved by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801. It states that any integer greater than 1 can be expressed as the product of prime numbers in only one way.
1.2 素数定理 prime number theorem, PNT
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1524561.html
在 1792~1795年之间,15~18岁的高斯,提出了“素数定理 prime number theorem”
The number of primes ≤ n tends to ∞ as fast as n/logen.
后来,高斯又给出 Li(x), the logarithmic integral, 作为“素数计数函数 prime counting function”的估计。
二、打听:除了以上,高斯在素数方面,还有哪些看法?
三、复习:高斯名言
I confess that Fermat's Theorem as an isolated proposition has very little interest for me, because I could easily lay down a multitude of such propositions, which one could neither prove nor dispose of.
——[A reply to Olbers' attempt in 1816 to entice him to work on Fermat's Theorem.]
我承认,费马定理作为一个孤立的命题对我来说没什么兴趣,因为我可以很容易地提出许多这样的命题,这些命题既不能证明也不能丢弃。
——[对奥尔伯斯1816年试图诱使他研究费马定理的回应。]
We must admit with humility that, while number is purely a product of our minds, space has a reality outside our minds, so that we cannot completely prescribe its properties a priori.
——Letter to Bessel, 1830.
我们必须谦逊地承认,虽然数字纯粹是我们头脑的产物,但空间在我们头脑之外有一个现实,所以我们不能完全先验地规定它的属性。
——《致贝塞尔的信》,1830年。
I mean the word proof not in the sense of the lawyers, who set two half proofs equal to a whole one, but in the sense of a mathematician, where half proof = 0, and it is demanded for proof that every doubt becomes impossible.
——Quoted in G Simmons Calculus Gems (New York 1992).
我的意思是,“证明”这个词不是指律师的意义,他们把两个半证明等于一个完整的证明,而是指数学家的意义,其中半证明=0,并且要求证明每个怀疑都是不可能的。
——引自G Simmons微积分宝石(纽约,1992年)。
I am coming more and more to the conviction that the necessity of our geometry cannot be demonstrated, at least neither by, nor for, the human intellect...geometry should be ranked, not with arithmetic, which is purely aprioristic, but with mechanics.
——Quoted in J Koenderink Solid Shape (Cambridge Mass. 1990).
我越来越相信,我们的几何学的必要性无法得到证明,至少人类的智力无法证明,也无法证明...几何学不应该用纯粹先验的算术来排名,而应该用力学来排名。
——引自J Koenderink Solid Shape(马萨诸塞州剑桥,1990)。
参考资料:
[1] 2022-04-21,十九世纪数学/mathematics in 19th century/袁向东,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=182506&Type=bkzyb&SubID=61733
只有高斯和柯西仍然关心科学与数学中几乎所有的问题。
以前的《科学网》相关博文链接:
[1] 2026-03-23 21:46,[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(15):柯西几乎不研究素数?
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1527060.html
[2] 2026-03-22 19:57,[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(14):素数基本概念与相关问题
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1526879.html
[3] 2026-03-21 21:06,[图片,科普,数学] 希尔伯特手稿图片:谈数学公式、数学对象、数学定理
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1526801.html
[4] 2026-03-20 14:20,[资料,科普,数学] 希尔伯特的第 8问题 prime number 英文版(1902年,美国数学会)
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1526604.html
[5] 2026-03-18 17:13,[笔记,科普,数学] 希尔伯特的第24问题,时代限制的遗憾
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1526321.html
[6] 2026-03-14 01:55,[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(10):判定素数的欧拉筛 sieve of Euler
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1525711.html
[7] 2026-03-13 22:49,[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(9):判定素数的埃拉托色尼筛 Sieve of Eratosthenes
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1525708.html
[8] 2026-03-12 22:07,[打听,科普,数学] 素数(8):素数间隙 prime gap 与 Cramer's Conjecture (Cramér's Conjecture)
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1525561.html
[9] 2026-03-11 23:01,[打听,科普,数学] 素数(7):素数间隙 prime gap 之一
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1525421.html
[10] 2026-03-10 20:54,[打听,科普,数学] 素数(6):不用黎曼猜想的“素数计数函数”2个估计
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1525254.html
[11] 2026-03-07 21:01,[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(3):素数定理,高斯两个估计的误差
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1524859.html
[12] 2026-03-05 21:30,[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(2):素数定理 prime number theorem 之一
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1524561.html
[13] 2026-03-04 15:36,[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(1):算术基本定理 fundamental theorem of arithmetic
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1524368.html
[14] 2024-11-10 22:51,[数学文化,笔记] 素数有无穷多个之九类证明
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1459433.html
[15] 2026-03-06 01:24,[资源,科普,数学] 素数表(质数表,小于 200000) list of primes, prime numbers
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1524570.html
感谢您的指教!
感谢您指正以上任何错误!
感谢您提供更多的相关资料!
Archiver|手机版|科学网 ( 京ICP备07017567号-12 )
GMT+8, 2026-3-26 05:39
Powered by ScienceNet.cn
Copyright © 2007- 中国科学报社