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[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(14):素数基本概念与相关问题
以下汉语来自机器翻译。如有可能,感谢您进一步核对。
composite number
A composite number is an integer which is not prime numbers.
Every composite number can be written as a product of prime numbers.
合数
合数是一个非素数的整数。
每个合数都可以写成素数的乘积。
coprime
Two integers are coprime if they have no factors in common.
For example, 3 and 4 are coprime, but 25 and 15 are not since both have a factor of 5.
互质
如果两个整数没有共同因子,则它们是互质的。
例如,3和4是互质,但25和15不是互质,因为两者的因子都是5。
Goldbach's conjecture
In 1742, in a letter to Euler, Goldbach conjectured that any even integer > 2 can be written as the sum of two primes. Despite much progress, the conjecture is still unproved.
哥德巴赫猜想
1742年,哥德巴赫在给欧拉的一封信中推测,任何大于2的偶数都可以写成两个素数之和。尽管取得了很大进展,但这一猜想仍未得到证实。
number theory
Number theory is the study of the properties of the natural numbers N.
It includes such topics as prime numbers, including the prime number theorem, quadratic reciprocity, quadratic forms, diophantine approximation and diophantine equations, algebraic number fields, Fermat's last theorem and the methods developed to prove it.
数论
数论是研究自然数N的性质。
它包括素数等主题,包括素数定理、二次互易、二次型、丢番图近似和丢番图方程、代数数域、费马最后定理以及为证明它而开发的方法。
prime number
A prime number is an integer > 1 is prime if it is divisible only by itself and 1. The number 1 is not considered prime.
Every positive integer can be written as a product of prime numbers in a unique way (up to the order of the factors).
素数(质数)
素数是一个大于1的整数,如果它只能被自身和1整除,那么它就是素数。数字1不被认为是质数。
每个正整数都可以以一种独特的方式(按因子的顺序)写成素数的乘积。
prime number theorem
The Prime Number Theorem states that
The number of primes ≤ n tends to ∞ as fast as n/logen.
素数定理
素数定理指出
素数≤n的数量趋于∞,其速度与n/logen一样快。
primitive root
A primitive root for a prime p is one whose powers generate all the non-zero integers modulo p.
For example, 3 is a primitive root modulo 7 since:
3 = 31 , 2 = 32 mod 7, 6 = 33 mod 7, 4 = 34 mod 7, 5 = 35 mod 7, 1 = 36 mod 7.
本原根
素数p的本原根是其幂产生所有非零整数模p的根。
例如,3是一个基元根模7,因为:
3=31,2=32模7,6=33模7,4=34模7,5=35模7,1=36模7。
quadratic reciprocity
The Law of Quadratic Reciprocity gives the conditions for a prime p to be a quadratic residue modulo a prime q in terms of whether of not q is a quadratic residue modulo p.
二次互反律
二次互反律给出了素数p是模素数q的二次余数的条件,即q是否是模素数p的二次残差。
Riemann hypothesis
The Riemann hypothesis states that the nontrivial roots of the Riemann zeta function defined on the complex plane C all have real part 1 /2 .
The line Re(z) = 1/2 is called the critical line.
The truth (or otherwise) of the Riemann hypothesis would have important consequences for the Prime Number Theorem.
黎曼猜想
黎曼猜想指出,在复平面C上定义的黎曼ζ函数的非平凡根都有实部1/2。
Re(z)=1/2的线称为临界线。
黎曼猜想的真实性(或非真实性)将对素数定理产生重要影响。
twin prime conjecture
Twin primes are pairs of primes 2 apart, as, for example: 17, 19 or 41, 43, ...
The Twin Prime Conjecture is the (still unproven) statement that there are infinitely many such pairs.
孪生素数猜想
双素数是相距2的素数对,例如:17、19或41、43。..
孪生素数猜想是(尚未证实的)关于存在无限多个这样的对的陈述。
以前的《科学网》相关博文链接:
[1] 2026-03-21 21:06,[图片,科普,数学] 希尔伯特手稿图片:谈数学公式、数学对象、数学定理
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1526801.html
[2] 2026-03-20 14:20,[资料,科普,数学] 希尔伯特的第 8问题 prime number 英文版(1902年,美国数学会)
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1526604.html
[3] 2026-03-19 14:45,[汇集,科普,数学] 1900年希尔伯特的 23个问题(英文版,简版)
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1526445.html
[4] 2026-03-18 17:13,[笔记,科普,数学] 希尔伯特的第24问题,时代限制的遗憾
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1526321.html
[5] 2026-03-17 22:43,[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(13):希尔伯特问题里的“哥德巴赫猜想 Goldbach conjecture”
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1526196.html
[7] 2026-03-16 23:18,[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(12):孪生素数,孪生素数猜想,twin primes, twin prime conjecture
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1526050.html
[8] 2026-03-15 01:50,[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(11):完全数 perfect number,梅森素数 Mersenne prime
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1525790.html
[9] 2026-03-14 01:55,[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(10):判定素数的欧拉筛 sieve of Euler
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1525711.html
[10] 2026-03-13 22:49,[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(9):判定素数的埃拉托色尼筛 Sieve of Eratosthenes
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1525708.html
[11] 2026-03-12 22:07,[打听,科普,数学] 素数(8):素数间隙 prime gap 与 Cramer's Conjecture (Cramér's Conjecture)
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1525561.html
[12] 2026-03-11 23:01,[打听,科普,数学] 素数(7):素数间隙 prime gap 之一
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1525421.html
[13] 2026-03-10 20:54,[打听,科普,数学] 素数(6):不用黎曼猜想的“素数计数函数”2个估计
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1525254.html
[14] 2026-03-09 22:12,[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(5):黎曼猜想 Riemann Hypothesis
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1525092.html
[15] 2026-03-08 21:01,[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(4):素数定理,黎曼两个估计的误差
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1524948.html
[16] 2026-03-07 21:01,[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(3):素数定理,高斯两个估计的误差
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1524859.html
[17] 2026-03-05 21:30,[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(2):素数定理 prime number theorem 之一
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1524561.html
[18] 2026-03-04 15:36,[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(1):算术基本定理 fundamental theorem of arithmetic
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1524368.html
[19] 2024-11-17 22:51,[数学文化,客观派,讨论] 欧几里得对“素数有无穷多个”研究的有效性
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1460458.html
[20] 2024-11-10 22:51,[数学文化,笔记] 素数有无穷多个之九类证明
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1459433.html
[21] 2024-11-02 22:49,[笔记,科普,资料] 素数 prime number 入门
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1458252.html
[22] 2013-07-23 11:51,孪生素数:相关介绍和链接
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-710546.html
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