又挖了一个坑——心理创伤评估学的创建

文/吴超，王秉    

本文摘录自：

吴超，王秉. 心理创伤评估学的创建研究[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2016, 12(8): 40-46.

WU Chao, WANG Bing. Research on the establishment ofpsychic trauma assessment science[J]. Journal ofSafety Science and Technology, 2016, 12(8): 40-46.

心理创伤是人类普遍存在的问题，现已形成创伤心理学这门独立学科。过去我们比较重视人的身体所受到的伤害，但对人的心理的创伤却经常被忽略或被重视不够。多年来学界基于心理学与医学视角，已对心理创伤的心理治疗与干预的理论与技术开展较为深入和广泛的研究，但对外因引发的心理创伤危害的评估理论与技术研究很少，目前关于外界引发的心理创伤危害评估理论与技术的研究还基本处于空白。

外界引发的心理创伤危害评估的理论与技术方面的研究需运用安全评价学、安全心理学、安全经济学与安全法学等学科原理与方法为主要理论基础，如果能够创建心理创伤评估学这一新的学科分支，其相关研究成果对科学评估自然灾害、事故灾难、公共卫生事件和社会安全事件等所造成的危害，特别是更好预防和处置各种心理伤害（如心理伤害的赔偿立法、制度建设）问题，具有重大的理论和实际意义。

创伤是指人的身心已经受到了外界伤害的存在状态。心理创伤特指一定时空内非同寻常的外界危害对人的心理状态所造成的负性影响。基于心理创伤的定义提出心理创伤评估学的定义：心理创伤评估学是以合理补偿与减轻人的心理危害为目的，以外界危害加于人所造成的人的心理创伤为切入点，以评估人的心理创伤危害的严重程度为侧重点，以创伤心理学、安全科学、经济学与评估学等为理论基础，通过辨识与分析人的心理创伤的影响性质及其潜在危害，判断与评估人的心理创伤危害的严重程度，从而为心理创伤立法、赔偿、治疗、干预与预防等人的心理创伤安抚与救助活动提供科学依据的一门新兴交叉安全学科分支。简言之，心理创伤评估学是专门研究在一定时空内外界危害对人所造成的心理创伤的危害程度的一门评估学学科分支。

心理创伤评估学的主要研究内容有：1）创伤转化与传递规律（主要包括身体创伤所造成人的心理创伤、物质损失所造成的人的心理创伤，以及他人（包括亲属、朋友和同事等）的创伤（包括身体或心理创伤与财物损失等）对人所造成的心理创伤）；2）事故、灾难、工作压力、职业健康、身体创伤、物质损失与他人创伤等对人所造成的心理创伤危害严重程度的具体评估原理、方法、原则与标准等；3）心理创伤立法、赔偿、治疗、干预与预防等心理创伤安抚与救助对策措施的研究。

由心理创伤评估学的定义与内涵可知：1）学理上而言，心理创伤评估学应同时隶属于安全科学、创伤心理学与评估学，其理论基础是安全科学、创伤心理学与评估学；2）心理创伤评估学将心理创伤危害程度转化为经济价值损失，需根据相关经济学理论与方法，因此，经济学也是心理创伤评估学重要的理论基础；3）心理创伤评估工作还需以心理学、法学、数学、统计学与系统科学等学科为理论与方法支撑。总言之，心理创伤评估学的理论基础应是以上各学科理论的交叉、渗透与互融。

   心理创伤评估学所涉及的主要研究方法，这些方法包括：1）分析阶段使用的方法：如查阅文献方法、分析方法、情景描述法、溯因方法、因果分析法、技术分析法等。2）确认阶段使用的方法：如直接考察法、观察方法、实验方法、验证方法、智力测试法、技术鉴定法等。3）设定阶段使用的方法：如比较方法、类比方法、等效法、经验方法、统计分析法、平均值法等。4）评估阶段使用的方法：如定性分级法、定量分级法、指数表达法、等价变换法、间接计量法等。

基于心理创伤评估学的定义、内涵、学科基本问题及学科基础，心理创伤评估学的研究程序主要包括：准备阶段、心理创伤类型确定、心理创伤的影响性质及其潜在危害识别与分析、定性定量评估心理创伤危害的严重程度、提出补偿与减轻心理创伤的对策措施、形成心理创伤评估结论及建议与编制心理创伤评估报告7个阶段。

   研究结果表明，创建心理创伤评估学可为心理创伤的立法、赔偿、治疗、干预与预防等提供重要科学依据与操作方法。

Researchon the establishment of psychic trauma assessment science

By WU Chao, WANG Bing

Psychictrauma is a common problem of human beings. Now trauma psychology has been awell-known recognized subject. Unfortunately, in the past researchers paid moreattention to the harm of human body, but the people's psychic trauma is oftenignored or not paid enough attention to. For many years, researchers based onthe perspective of psychology and medicine, have conducted deep and extensiveinvestigations on the theory and technology of psychic treatment andintervention of the psychic trauma. However the assessment theory andtechnology on the external factors resulted in psychic trauma have investigatedrarely and the research fruits are almost in a blank.

Inorder to investigate the assessment theory and technology on the external factorsresulted in psychic trauma, principles and methods of safety psychology, safetyeconomics, safety law and assessment technology should be taken as the maintheoretical basis. Furthermore, it will be significant if researchers cancreate a new branch of psychic trauma assessment science. The relevant researchresults of this new subject can be used in the scientific assessment of theharm caused by natural disasters, serious accidents, public health incidentsand social security incidents etc., especially in the treatment of all kinds ofpsychic harm issues and their prevention, such as the mental damagecompensation regulation and the legislation building, etc.

Traumais a physical and mental status that the human body and mind have been hurt bythe external factors. Psychic trauma is that in a certain time and space, anegative impact on the human psychic status caused by external factors. Basedon above definitions of the trauma and the psychic trauma, the definition of psychictrauma assessment science can be proposed. the main purpose of the subject ofthe psychic trauma assessment science is to give a reasonable compensation and toreduce the psychic harm for people. The subject focus on the external factorsresulted in the psychic trauma and assesses the severity of the psychic trauma.The subject is based the trauma psychology, safety science, economics andevaluation theories. Through the identification and analysis of the influenceof the nature of psychic trauma and potential hazards, severity judgment andevaluation of people's psychic trauma harm will be achieved. Also, the subjectwill provide the scientific foundations for the legislation, compensation,treatment, intervention, prevention and aid of psychic trauma. The subject is anew inter-cross branch of safety science. In short, the subject of the psychictrauma assessment science is a branch of the assessment science that focus oninvestigating the degree of harm caused by the external factors to people in acertain time and space.

Themain research contents of the psychic trauma assessment science are as follows:1) the trauma change and transfer regulation, including psychic trauma causing byphysical trauma, psychic trauma causing by property losses, and psychic trauma causingby relatives, friends and colleagues' trauma and so on; 2) the evaluationprinciples, methods and standards of the psychic trauma severity caused byaccident, disaster, work pressure, occupation health, physical trauma, propertyloss; 3) study on the legislation, compensation, treatment, intervention,prevention, rescue and measures of the psychic trauma.

Itcan be seen that by the definition and connotation of psychic trauma assessmentscience: 1) in the view of theories, the psychic trauma assessment science shouldalso belong to safety science, trauma psychology and evaluation science. Accordinglyits theory basis should be those subjects; 2) in psychic trauma assessmentscience, harm degree of psychic trauma is transformed into the economic loss.Therefore the relevant economics theories and methods should be applied in and istaken as the important theoretical basis; 3) the psychic trauma assessment sciencealso need to the support of the following disciplines such as psychology, law,mathematics, statistics and systems science both in theory and method. In otherwords, the psychic trauma assessment science should be the inter-cross andinfiltration with above disciplines.

Themain research methods used in the psychic trauma assessment science include: 1)methods used in the analysis procedures, such as the literature searching method,analysis method, scenario description method, tracing method, causal analysis,technical analysis and so on. 2) methods used in the confirmation stage: suchas direct investigation, observation method, experiment method, verificationmethod, intelligence test method, technology appraisal method, etc. 3) methodsused in the setting stage, such as comparison method, analogy method,equivalent method, experience method, statistical analysis method, mean valuemethod, etc. 4) methods used in the evaluation stage, such as the qualitative andquantitative classification method, index expression method, equivalenttransformation method, the indirect measurement method and so on.

Basedon the definition, connotation, research areas and subject foundation, theinvestigating program of the psychic trauma assessment science mainly includes:preparation stage, psychic trauma type determination, severity and potential harmidentification and analysis of psychic trauma, qualitative and quantitativeassessment of psychic trauma severity, proposes of compensation and countermeasuresof psychic trauma, evaluation conclusions and treatment proposals of psychictrauma, and compilation of psychic trauma assessment report.

Theresults of the study show that the establishment of the psychic traumaassessment science can provide important scientific basis and operation methodsfor the legislation, compensation, treatment, intervention and prevention of thepsychic trauma.