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铁路华工打通内华达州塞拉岭唐纳山口隧道
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铁路华工打通内华达州塞拉岭唐纳山口隧道
黄安年文 黄安年的博客/2014年10月6日发布
在1865-1869年间大批华工参加建设中央太平洋铁路中，1866年打通内华达州塞拉岭唐纳山口隧道，是全部工程的关键和核心，成千华工牺牲在工地，铁路华工打通唐纳山口的山顶隧道，为提前实现汇合通车赢得了宝贵的时间。
下面是Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia的介绍和南方日报的报道。
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Donner Pass
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Donner Pass | |
Looking east from Donner Pass in the 1870s | |
7,056 ft (2,151 m) | |
Traversed by | California Trail |
Location | |
39°18′57″N 120°19′17″W39.31583°N 120.32139°WCoordinates: 39°18′57″N 120°19′17″W39.31583°N 120.32139°W | |
location in California | |
Donner Pass (el. 7,056 ft (2,151 m))[1] is a mountain pass in the northern Sierra Nevada,above Donner Lake about 9 miles (14 km) west of Truckee, California. It has a steep approach from theeast and a gradual approach from the west.
The pass has been used by the California Trail, FirstTranscontinental Railroad, OverlandRoute, Lincoln Highway(later U.S. Route 40and still later Donner Pass Road), as well as indirectly by Interstate 80.
Today the area is home to a thriving recreationalcommunity with several alpine lakes and ski resorts (DonnerSki Ranch, Boreal, and Sugar Bowl). The permanent communities in thearea include Kingvale and Soda Springs, as well asthe larger community below the pass surrounding Donner Lake.
Contents
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History
To reach California from the East, pioneer emigrants hadto get their wagons over the Sierra Nevadamountain range. In 1844 the Stephens-Townsend-MurphyParty followed the Truckee River into the mountains. At the head of what is now called Donner Lake,they found a low notch in the mountains and became the first overland emigrantsto use the pass.[2]
The pass was named after a later group ofCalifornia-bound emigrants. In early November 1846 the DonnerParty found the route blocked by snow and was forced to spend the winter onthe east side of the mountains. Of the 81 emigrants, only 45 survived to reach California;[3] some of them resorted to cannibalismto survive.[4][5]
On January 13, 1952, another group became strandedabout seventeen miles (27 km) west of Donner Pass at YubaPass, on Track #1 adjacent to Tunnel 35 (on Track #2), at about MP 176.5.[6]Southern Pacific Railroad's passengertrain City of San Francisco was enroute westbound through the gap when a raging blizzard slowed the train to a halt.The passengers and crew were stranded for three days until the nearby highwaycould be plowed sufficiently for a caravan of automobiles to carry them the fewmiles to Nyack Lodge.[7]
Central Pacific Railroad
Summit Tunnel, West Portal (Compositeimage with the tracks removed in 1993 digitally restored)
In the spring of1868, the Sierra Nevadaswere finally "conquered" by the Central PacificRailroad, afteralmost five years of sustained construction effort, with the successfulcompletion at Donner Pass of its1,659-foot (506 m)Tunnel #6 (aka the Summit Tunnel) and associated grade, thus permitting theestablishment of commercial transportation en masse of passengers andfreight over the Sierras for the first time. Following a route first surveyedand proposed by the CPRR's original Chief Engineer, TheodoreD. Judah (1826–1863), the construction of the fourtunnels, several miles of snowsheds and two "Chinese Walls"necessary to breach Donner Summit constituted by far the most difficultengineering and construction challenge of the entire original Sacramento to Ogden CPRR route.
CPRR Engineers L.M. Clement and T.D.Judah
Principally designed and built under the personal,often on-site direction of the CPRR's Chief Assistant Engineer, Lewis M. Clement(1837–1914), the original (Track 1) summit grade remained in daily use fromJune 18, 1868, when the first CPRR passenger train ran through the SummitTunnel,[8] until 1993 when the Southern Pacific Railroad (which operatedthe CPRR-built Oakland-Ogdenline until its 1996 merger with the Union Pacific Railroad) abandoned and pulledup the 6.7 mile (10.7 km) section of Track #1 over the summit runningbetween the Norden complex (Shed 26, MP 192.1)[9] and the covered crossovers in Shed#47 (MP 198.8)[10] about a mile east of the old flyoverat Eder.[11] Since then all East and Westboundtraffic has been run over the Track #2 grade crossing the summit about one mile(1.6 km) south of Donner Pass through the 10,322-foot (3,146 m) long Tunnel #41 (aka "The Big Hole")running under Mt. Judah between Soda Springs and Eder. Then operator SPRR madethis change because the railroad considered Track 2 and Tunnel 41 (which wasopened in 1925 when the summit section of the grade was finally double tracked)to be far easier and less expensive to maintain and keep open in the harsh Sierra winters than theTrack 1 tunnels and snow sheds over the summit.[12]
Panoramic view of Donner Summit fromabove CPRR Tunnel #6 with Donner Lake in the distance.
In conjunction with major ongoing upgrades andexpansions being made to the Portof Oakland in order to better accommodate the rapidly growing NorthAmerican trade with Asia and the Pacific, the cooperation of the UPRR, the Port's principal rail partner, has beensought to "construct a second track and raise tunnel clearances overDonner Pass for container trains linking California with the rest of thecountry."[13] This would likely require either anew parallel tunnel next to Tunnel 41 or the replacement of the summit sectionof Track 1 between the Norden complex and Shed 47; either would increasecapacity and effectively eliminate delays currently caused by having to run alleast and west bound traffic between Norden and Shed 47 over a single track. (Tofully eliminate "bottleneck" delays the now single track 7.1-mile(11.4 km) section between Switch 9 (MP 171.9)[14] and Shed 10 (MP 179.0)[15] west of Cisco would likely alsohave to be restored to double track.) Improvements were completed on the Sierragrade in November 2009, including increasing 18,000 lineal feet of tunnelclearances in 15 restricted tunnels between Rocklin and Truckee and upgrading30 miles of signals to CTC, although the original Donner Pass grade (Track 1) was not restored. Since then trains offull-height (20 ft 2 inch) double-stack container cars have run over Donner Pass; some tunnels on Track 2 between Bowman andColfax were not enlarged, so stack trains in both directions must use theolder, tunnel-free Track 1 between those points.[16]
Route of the original CPRR grade at Donner Pass.
Highways
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2013) |
The LincolnHighway, the first road across America,crosses Donner Pass. Interstate 80 was built through thisarea in the early 1960s. I-80 generally parallels the route of US 40through the Sierra Nevada, but it crosses the Sierra crestat the Euer Saddle, about 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Donner Pass.Euer Saddle is also commonly called "Donner Summit"at 7,240 feet (2,210 m); it is about 150 feet (46 m) higher than Donner Pass, but is wider and has a gentler approach thataided construction to Interstate Highway standards, which donot allow the sharp curves used by the Donner Pass Road. The 1920s highway hasbeen preserved as a scenic alternative to I-80.
Weather
Snowpack at Donner Summit, April 13, 2011 and in the 1930s.
Winter weather at Donner Pass canbe brutal. Precipitation averages 51.6 inches(131 cm) per year, much of which falls as snow.[17] At an average of 411.5 inches(10.45 m) per year, Donner Pass is one of the snowiest places in the United States.Four times since 1880 total snowfall at Donner Summit has exceeded 775 inches(19.7 m) and topped 800 inches (20 m) in both 1938 and 1953.[18] To take advantage of the heavysnows, the Boreal Ski Resort was built to the north. Ski resorts in the Lake Tahoearea report an average of 300 to 500 inches (7.6 to 12.7 m) of snowfallper season.[19] Winds in the pass can also becomeextreme and wind gusts in excess of 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) arecommon during winter storms. Winter temperatures in the area dropbelow zero several times each year; the all-time record low for California of −45 °F (−43 °C) was recorded at the Boca Reservoir (eastof Truckee) in January 1937.
In the winter of 2010-11, over 700 inches(1,800 cm) had fallen as of May 23, 2011. Snow depth peaked in early April2011 with over 250 inches (21 ft) of snow on the ground.[citationneeded]
The winter of 1846-47 was especially severe, and thisis generally cited as the single most important factor in the disaster of the DonnerParty.[citationneeded]
Recreation
Snowboarder at Sugar Bowl Ski Resort located near the top ofDonner Pass
Summer and winter offer a wide variety of recreationand lifestyle sports such as backpacking, alpineand cross-country skiing, rockand iceclimbing. The region was made world famous during the early 1990s with snowboardingfilms by Fall Line Films (FLF) and StandardFilms, for its easy access to frontcountry and backcountryterrain. However, its fame and quick access from Old Highway 40 or nearby Sugar Bowl Ski Resort has led to a largenumber of avalanche fatalities, including professional snowboarder Jamil Khan.[20]
Popular culture
AlbertBierstadt's painting View of Donner Lake (1871–72).[21]
The Donner Pass isfeatured in the History Channel special episode, America: The Story of Us:"Westward". It is featured in the NationalGeographic Channel series Hell on the Highway, which series focuseson the towing and recovery companies working the region.
Notes
1. Jump up ^Gannett, Henry. A Dictionaryof Altitudes in the United States (3rd Edition), Bulletin of the U.S.Geological Survey, No. 160, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1899.p. 54
2. Jump up ^Stephens-Murphy-TownsendParty
3. Jump up ^Statistics"Donner Party: Statistics". UtahCrossroads.org.
4. Jump up ^America The StoryOf Us - "Westward" episode
5. Jump up ^Steward, George R. Stewart(1963). Ordeal by Hunger: The Story of the Donner Party (Third Editioned.). New York:Houghton-Mifflin. pp. 132, et seq.
6. Jump up ^East end of Tunnel 35 at 39.3268N 120.5917 W
7. Jump up ^Bull, Howard W. (January 1953). "TheCase of the Stranded Streamliner". Trains & Travel13(3).
8. Jump up ^East end of original summittunnel (#6) at 39.3159 N 120.3239 W
9. Jump up ^Norden at 39°19′03″N120°21′30″W39.3176°N120.3584°W
10. Jump up ^Shed 47 visible at 39°18′42″N120°16′08″W39.3116°N120.269°W
11. Jump up ^East end of Tunnel 41 at 39°18′04″N120°18′01″W39.301°N120.3003°Wwith former track 1 passing above
12. Jump up ^Cooper, Bruce C. (August 2003). "SummitTunnel & Donner Pass". CPRR.org.
13. Jump up ^"Newsroom".Port of Oakland. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
14. Jump up ^Switch 9 is beneath Interstate 80at 39°17′58″N120°40′16″W39.2994°N120.671°W
15. Jump up ^Shed 10 is visible at 39°18′47″N120°33′40″W39.313°N120.561°W
16. Jump up ^http://www.railwayage.com/breaking-news/doublestacks-on-donner-pass.html[dead link]
17. Jump up ^ClimateSummary of Donner Summit, California 1870-2001 Journal of the SierraCollege Natural History Museum, Winter, 2009 Vol. 2, No. 1
18. Jump up ^DonnerSummit Snowfall and Snowpack 1879-2011 Central Sierra Snow Laboratory,University of California (Berkeley)
20. Jump up ^"MountainZone.com |Mountain Zone News: Pro Snowboarder Jamil Khan Killed by Avalanche".Classic.mountainzone.com. 1998-02-13. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
21. Jump up ^Glenda Moore. "AlbertBierstadt Paintings". Xmission.com. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
References
Powell, Margie Powell (2003). Donner Summit. A Brief History. Grass Valley, CA: Cottage Hill Publishing. ISBN 0-9658240-4-7.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Donner Pass. |
[url=http://cprr.org/Museum/Sierra_Grade_8-2003/Tunnel_7_Pan.html 360° QTVR Panorama #2 Above Tunnel #7 (Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum)]
Sierra Grade Exhibit - Donner Pass (Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum)
<img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1"alt="" title="" width="1" height="1"style="border: none; position: absolute;" />
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donner_Pass&oldid=626862373"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donner_Pass
沿线纪行
上千华工用生命
筑就“绝顶隧道”
唐纳山口
过了合恩角，沿着80号公路继续向东。路越来越陡，天气也越来越冷，前方远山山顶白雪皑皑，在阳光的照耀下发出璀璨的光芒。而最高的那座山峰就是接下来我们要去寻访的地方——唐纳山口。
从174号出口转到40号历史公路前行没多久，经年不化的积雪就在身边，灿烂的阳光失去了温度，寒意从四面八方包围过来，在山下尚且单衣短袖的记者连忙加衣服。站在山口，一排高大的防雪棚映入眼帘，这里就是当年修筑太平洋铁路最为艰险的一段——塞拉岭绝顶隧道，曾经有上千名华工在这里付出了生命。
唐纳山口位于内华达山脉东端，海拔2000多米，常年积雪覆盖。遥想140多年前，来自中国南方的劳工第一次在这里见到飞舞的雪花时，会是多么的惊喜。但要不了多久，他们就会意识到，暴雪将成为他们最大的敌人。5月的唐纳山口，半山腰尚且覆盖着厚厚的积雪，深可没膝，冬天又会是怎样的严寒，简直无法想象。
整个唐纳山口都由巨大的花岗岩组成，铁路要通过这里，有的地段可以在山体外缘开拓路基，有的地方则只能开凿隧道。严寒和坚冰让花岗岩变得更加坚固，华工用蚂蚁搬家的方式一点点掘进。
危险随时会发生。最大的问题就是雪崩。没有任何征兆，山顶积雪突然崩塌，霎时间，整群工人、整个营房，有时甚至是整个营地呼的一下全被卷走，摔入几英里外的冰雪峡谷。工程师约翰·吉尔斯曾回忆说:“在第10号隧道，有15至20名华人死于雪崩。一年以前的冬天，两名筑路工人于同一地点在一场雪崩中丧命。”
为了避免雪崩和暴雪毁坏路基和隧道，在开凿隧道的同时，华工们还不得不修建高大的防雪棚，相当于给路基铁轨做一个罩子保护起来。在整个高山区，当时华工搭建的木质防雪棚绵延59.2公里。
由于地况太复杂、气候太恶劣，现在的铁路并没有经过唐纳山口。但至今在唐纳山口的废弃铁路路基上还竖立着高大的防雪棚，不过已经不是当年华工搭建的木质结构，而是后期铁路公司改建的钢筋混凝土结构。
在漆黑的防雪棚和隧道中摸索前行，我们头顶不时有冰水滴下。借着手机微弱的亮光，隐隐可见防雪棚的内侧是坚硬的花岗岩，削立如墙。防雪棚有5米高、4米宽，可容火车安全通过。如今，防雪棚已经失去了庇护铁路的功能，其外墙成了涂鸦者的天堂。
在唐纳山口，有一处地方被命名为“中国墙（Chinese wall）”，我们慕名寻访到这里，发现原来是连接7号隧道和8号隧道的一堵石壁，长10米多、高25米、宽近两米。经过140多年的风雪，中国墙依然巍然屹立，当地人也专门立碑以志纪念。
南方日报特派美国记者 金强 赵杨
新旧照片对比
唐纳山口
唐纳山口位于内华达山脉东端，海拔2000多米，常年积雪。整个唐纳山口都由巨大的花岗岩组成，铁路要通过这里，有的地段可以在山体外缘开拓路基，有的地方则只能开凿隧道。严寒和坚冰让花岗岩变得更加坚固，华工用蚂蚁搬家的方式一点点掘进，还要随时面临雪崩的威胁。老照片（左）为唐纳关峰顶华工劳作的历史图片，为当时受雇于中央太平洋铁路公司的摄影师Alfred A. Hart拍摄；新照片（右）为现在的唐纳关峰顶，由华工研究志愿者李炬拍摄。
总 策 划 张东明 吴锐成 王更辉 林 琳
本版统筹 林亚茗 徐 林
http://epaper.southcn.com/nfdaily/html/2014-05/20/content_7305901.htm
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-415-833432.html
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