|||
Lexical processing and the mental lexicon《词汇处理与心理词汇》
一个人在与朋友交流的时候,每分钟说话的速度大概是150-200字。当然,如果在情急之下,该速度可能更高。不管多高,这类交流都不会中断,也很少产生误解。原因何在呢?这是我想要弄明白的地方。除了人们交流过程的环境以及肢体语言因素之外,还有更重要的因素就是:人类的语言处理技能,即本节我们要探讨的“词汇处理与心理词汇”。
谈到词汇处理模式,语言学家Radford等(1999/2000)提出了两种处理模式,即Serial-autonomous versus parallel-interactive processing models(Radford et al 1999/2000 : 226-230)。
Serial-autonomous accounts of processing, maintains that these decisions are taken in sequence, with all decisions of a certain type being taken before decisions of the next type.
Furthermore, information which may be available on the basis of later decisions cannot inform earlier decisions(序列自主模式:信息处理按信息出现的先后顺序,先来的信息能引导或有助于理解后来的信息,反之则不然)。
The alternative, parallel-interactive approach takes the opposite perspective: in principle, information relevant to any decision is available at any point in processing, and there is no place for a strictly ordered set of sub-processes(平行互动模式,则是另一种信息处理模式。该模式认为,在处理过程当中,凡相关的信息,都是随时可以获得的,不存在什么顺序)。
这两种词汇模式之间存在什么差异呢?
词汇处理的“序列自主模式”涉及到许多步骤:信息从心理词汇成分传递到另一种成分上面,序列自主模式的一个基本特征就是,在词汇处理的每一步,都有一种特别模块在起作用,即只有事先输入的模块信息才能为下一步提供信息输出。比如,我们先听到一个词的发音,然后才会想象出相应的词形(Sound-morphology),这样一来,当我们听到下列这句话:
A problem with speech perception dogs me wherever I go.
在这种时候,dogs可以分析为动词词干dog加第三人称单数形式s;也可以理解为名词词干dog加复数形式s。当然,根据上下文语境,只有第一种理解是可以接受的。但在序列自主模式看来,这类句法、语义和语境信息迫使听众作出上述理解与判断是不可能的,用Jerry Fodor的观点来说,每一个特殊模块都是信息压缩体(informationally encapsulated module)(或称为信息载体),只能凭借先前出现的信息才能得到解释。
相反,平行互动模式则认为,语言理解与产出涉及到部分甚至所有相关信息。我们可以这样认为:把dogs理解为名词词干dog加复数形式s几乎不可能出现,因为句法、语义以及语境信息可以从先前出现的信息当中获得,排除了这种可能。
为了更好的理解这两种模式之间的差异,我们可以从另一个术语得到启发:即“词汇触发”。More technically, if you hear a token of dog, some (mental) activation spreads to semantically associated items such as cat or animal or bark, and we say that these latter items are primed.…any priming effects depending on semantic similarity, provide experimental support for the view of the structured lexicon... that the mental lexicon is not just a list of items but rather a structured set over which a notion of psychological ‘distance’ can be defined, with semantic similarity contributing to this measure of distance (Radford et al 1999/2000: 230).
On the representation of words in mental lexicon, we know that a basic property of words is the arbitrary relationship they exhibit between meaning and form: words have meaning, and they have phonological or orthographic structure, and there is no way of recovering the former from the latter (Radford et al 1999/2000: 232).
这个话题越来越深入了,随后有学者进一步提出“词汇触发理论”,可以参考Heoy, M. (2005), Lexical Priming: A new theory of words and language.
Archiver|手机版|科学网 ( 京ICP备07017567号-12 )
GMT+8, 2024-11-24 09:00
Powered by ScienceNet.cn
Copyright © 2007- 中国科学报社