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“文化软件”与创新
武夷山
Technology Amalysis and Strategic management杂志2005年第1期发表了德国学者Markus Pohlmann的文章The evolution of innovation: Cultural backgrounds and the use of innovation models(创新的进化:文化背景与创新模式的应用)。文章说:
“文化软件”对于一个国家或地区采用什么样的创新路径,具有决定性的作用。例如,在韩国,创新活动主要是为了“实现增长”;在中国大陆和台湾,创新是为了“通过生意网络来赚钱”;在德国,创新是为了“制造三维人工物”;在美国,创新是为了“通过市场赚钱”。
美国人很注重公司的季度收益这个指标,因此,财务、销售背景的员工比较吃香,他们比从事其他活动的员工更可能提升到公司高层岗位上。而德国人则认为,拥有技术和法律专业背景的员工才更适合于提升至高层管理岗位。
在美国、英国、德国和西班牙等国家,曾经发生过三次管理学浪潮,它们深刻地改变了组织与创新模式的关系。第一次浪潮是泰勒的科学管理;第二次是人际关系的权变进路;(博主:当年做笔记时,未记下第三次浪潮是什么,抱歉。)
目前出现了第四次管理学浪潮或曰管理学范式,这次要回答的问题不再是环境与组织间的适配,而是不同规制模式的重组。
不仅在组织的外部环境中存在着“市场、层次和网络”,而且在一个组织的内部也存在着“市场、层次和网络”。
该文摘要如下(http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1508280):
Six rules of innovation are presented in order to understand the establishment and sustainability of innovative structures: (1) there is no general rule or known factor that is primarily responsible for fostering innovation; (2) although innovation factors are not clearly defined, inhibitors of innovative structures are easily identifiable; (3) organizations handle innovations in a paradoxical manner by having a selective social system and preferring innovations that are "conform-nonconform;" (4) the emergence of innovations is dependent on regional and organizational paths of innovation; (5) paradigms of interpretation for innovations tend to change due to changes within societies; and (6) there are long waves of innovation models. Cultural differences are evident in regard to the emergence of innovations. For example, in the United States, innovations are short-term oriented and market-driven, whereas in Germany, innovations are producer-driven and long-term oriented. Therefore, the emergence of an innovation is region-dependent. Innovation models can be transferred but must be transformed in a culturally path-dependent way.
关于文化与创新的关系方面的研究,我还介绍过“文化对创新的影响”,见http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=318715;“以色列奇迹的背后”,见http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=315140。
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