为原单位创办的英文版新刊《Journal of Safety and Sustainability》写了篇评论

【注】Journal of Safety and Sustainability是一本由中南大学主办、中南大学资源与安全工程学院承办、Elsevier出版的英文科技期刊，于2023年1月26日正式上线。期刊致力于报道安全科学与可持续领域实质内涵、对象、研究方法与工程技术的研究，旨在推动社会、工业、经济等领域的可持续发展。大力支持国际社会在安全与可持续性方面的研究与实践，促进安全与可持续性理论与工程技术的创新。充当安全与可持续相关的科学、技术、工程研究的国际媒介。涵盖领域包括但不限于矿业安全、能源与资源安全、城市安全、设备安全等，同时也包含各领域涉及的危险事故、灾害、人失误、环境与人类发展的可持续性。进而为安全与矿业等学科科研工作者、企业技术人员、政府决策者提供国内外研究的最新进展。

个人作为比较关注该期刊的粉丝之一，在前段时间为其写了一篇评论，并发表在该期刊的NEWS栏目https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-safety-and-sustainability/about/news 

评论文章的中文译文如下： 

《安全与可持续性学报》代表着安全科学未来发展方向

吴 超

《安全与可持续性学报》创刊了，我在此表示热烈祝贺！这个杂志的名字起得很好，因为杂志的名称代表着安全科学的未来方向和发展模式。

安全与可持续发展是社会进步和经济发展的前提及基础，是社会文明、和谐和人民幸福的象征。安全发展是无止境的，因为人类对安全的认知和需求是不断增长和提高的，人类的安全目标和标准是在不断提升和发展的；另方面，科技与经济的发展和进步也会促进安全科技水平与安全保障能力不断提高、不断发展完善。

安全与可持续发展可以具体理解为：由于客观世界总是存在着危险源、风险源、危险因素、危害因素等的，任何时代人类的生存、生产、生活，都面临来自于自然、生物、技术、社会以及人类自身的各种安全风险，危险源和风险永远伴随着人类的生存与发展，因此安全必须是可持续性发展的；由于安全风险的客观性、常态性、永恒性，这就需要人类的各种活动（包括安全活动本身）要讲求科学性，这样才能保证安全的可持续性发展，因而需要树立持续安全的理念，发展持续安全科学技术，把握持续安全的策略，实施持续安全的措施；在全球安全治理和社会经济发展的新时代，所有国际组织、各个国家、各级政府、社会组织、研究机构、生产企业、团体个人等都要一起协同保障可持续安全。

然而，长期以来，安全科学的研究大都是滞后于社会的发展，缺乏安全的前瞻性和安全可持续性，许多研究及其成果都是基于系统发生故障或事故，或是基于提升系统运行的可靠性和安全性的基础上进行的，因而总是达不到真正意义的超前预防的安全目的，很多情况下的安全研究及其成果仅仅起到亡羊补牢的作用。

那如何打破传统上的亡羊补牢式循环的安全发展模式，一个具有根本意义思想就需要突破传统的短期行为安全观，而这需要从宏安全定义和新安全观的创设开始。2009年，全球健康执行理事会大学联盟Jeffrey P Koplan等人在世界著名杂志《柳叶刀》发表了“观点”文章：提出“全球健康的通用定义”^[1]。但在安全领域，我们还未看到全球（含深空）视域下的大安全的通用定义。安全是人类生理需求之上的共同基本需求，人类安全与健康是相辅相成和一样重要的，都是全球全人类的问题。新概念是新理论和新发明的开始或原点，当下我们需要有一个全球视域下的安全定义或者说是宏安全的通用定义来统领和指导人类的安全观和各种安全活动。

在职业安全领域，人们从事的安全活动通常称为生产安全Safety；传统的公共安全事务通常称为Security。由于安全涉及人的问题，即使很小的问题也都可以关联出一大堆相关问题出来，而且随着社会的发展，Safety和Security经常交错在一起，并且互相影响和关联，这就是近十多年来国际俗称的“安全一体化”，安全一体化是近十多年来安全科学的一个研究热点和发展趋势^[2-3]。

如果把时空预设放在全球人类永久的安全上，上述的所谓安全一体化，其实也是短时间内局部的小安全。在地球上复杂多变社会系统的运动进程中，人-事-物之间、人（人群）与人（人群）之间、人（人群）与物之间、物与物之间、人（人群）与事物之间、人（人群）与环境之间，人（人群）与其他生物之间，等等，其中某一时间某一局部系统总会出现各种各样的不和谐或摩擦，或是出现不安全的突发事件，或者说是局部系统出现了“负涌现”现象。为了预防、化解、控制这种不安全现象，社会就出现了各类安全事务，并形成了当今的社会安全体系，如生产安全、生活安全、国土安全、军事安全、经济安全、文化安全、社会安全、科技安全、信息安全、生态安全、生物安全、资源安全、核安全等等事务。其实，在地球历史长河里，迄今的这些安全都是在短时间系统内起到类似充当某一局部不和谐现象的润滑剂或缓解剂等的作用而已。但当今的社会安全体系，并不能保证地球和人类永恒的安全。

那什么安全能保障地球和人类永恒安全呢？如果能够以此为目标的安全，那才算得上是真正意义的“大安全”——全球安全，这里简称为“宏安全”，具体表达为Global Sustainable Safety & Security（GSSS）。

宏安全可定义为：使全球生态及全人类能永续和谐生存和发展的平衡状态。为宏安全目标出发而开展的所有人类活动称为宏安全活动^[4]。宏安全是超越一切政治安全、国家安全、种族安全等等的伟大使命；宏安全具有永久性、全球性、生态和谐性等特征；宏安全反对人类至上主义；宏安全不能完全靠人类自身的力量来保障或实现。下面基于上述宏安全定义再做进一步分析：

（1）在现有的各类安全中，如果从地球和全人类永恒的安全着眼，最重要的安全是什么？可能答案是全球生态的永恒安全才是真正的大安全，因为如果地球的生态系统被毁灭时，地球的人类也同样消失，而其他安全都不复存在了，与全球生态安全比较，其它安全都是在其之下的。从人类纪以来，特别是短短的一两百年以来，人类对地球的生态带来了巨大的冲击和破坏，是史无前例的。2018年Nature发表了“为生物多样性而战”的新闻特写文章^[5]；Science发表了“评价自然对人类的贡献”前瞻文章^[6]。中国复旦大学学者在《科学通报》发文专门对“Battle over biodiversity”一文做了详细剖析^[7]。

（2）谁能够保障全球的生态永恒安全？显然，人类的好奇心、野心和贪婪之心太可怕了，人类是地球的生物之一（尽管是人类是地球生物中的主角），要依靠人类自身来确保全球生态安全是很难靠得住的；由于人类的短见、偏见、功利、自私等，从长期的视角，人类自身所做出来的公约、安全规范等也都是靠不住的。即使人类能够在使数代人时间内自我约束维持较好的生态平衡，但也很难保证代代相传下去。过去的很多安全重大事件已经证明，人类不可能永恒保持这种自我约束状态。因此，保障全球安全还需要有第三方力量，而这种第三方力量是人类自身？还是地球以外的外星人？还是什么新生力量？个人认为都不是，这是一个需要研究的巨大课题。这种第三方力量可能是需要靠地球生态遭到人类或其它物种过分破坏时，地球生态自身抵抗人类或其它物种过分破坏而形成的巨大自然报复力量，包括以各种天灾的形式降临人类，以短期维护全球生态的平衡。

（3）人类毕竟是地球生物中最聪明的，人类还是不愿意坐以待毙接受大自然或第三方的惩罚，那么人类如何认识到自身如何活动才不会遭到自然报应，如何基于宏安全来规避自然灾难又有节制活动呢，这是未来人类面临的更加重要的大课题。

（4）如果以宏安全，即全球生态系统安全为着眼点，人类如何来构建新的大安全学科体系？这也是宏安全研究的重大课题，更多的问题有待研究。

2019年11月Bedford, J等人在Nature发表综述文章，提出“应对21世纪的大规模流行病，各个学科必须联合起来。”^[8]。安全科学是一门大交叉综合学科，安全科学更需要各个学科联合起来。安全科学在未来将可以为各种突发重大公共事件做出更大的贡献，全球公共安全治理和风险管控及学界都应该更加重视、运用和发展安全科学这一新兴大交叉综合学科。

科学技术发展到今天，如果不界定大交叉还是小交叉，则可以肯定地说：所有科学研究所运用和创新的知识都是有交叉的，复杂问题研究永远是需要交叉的。科技创新和人才培养过程的交叉模式是不可能预先都按照某一个具体交叉形式去实施的，特别是科技创新，在未取得成功之前是难以确定所创造的知识以何种交叉模式呈现的。因此，我们要从“学科”概念转变到“学块”新概念，“学块”（science chunk）是由学界约定俗成的多门已有学科知识发生质变融合而成的新知识集合体^[9]，学块是一种表达知识交叉融合的新方式。我们必须采用无学科痕迹的交叉思路，这才能从根本上体现出交叉学科产生知识的不可预设性，才能体现交叉形式是不能穷尽和无止境的特点。

综上，《安全与可持续性学报》的内涵非常符合上述宏安全GSSS的定义，它代表着安全科学的未来方向和发展模式。我们要树立宏安全观，克服狭隘人本主义；依据宏安全定义，克服人类安全认识的极限，为实现安全可持续发展作出更大努力和贡献。

参考文献：

1. Jeffrey P Koplan, T Christopher Bond, Michael H Merson, et al. Towards a common definition of global health [J]. Lancet, 2009, 373: 1993-1995.7-16.

2. Pietre-Cambace´des L, Bouissou, M. Cross-fertilization between safety and security engineering [J]. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 2013. 110: 110–126.

3. Boustras G, Waring A. Towards a reconceptualization of safety and security, their interactions, and policy requirements in a 21st century context [J]. Safety Science, 2020, 132: 104942.

4. WU Chao. Understanding the essence of safety science again by viewing the COVID-19epidemic [J]. Technology and Innovation Management, 2021, 42(04): 213-218.（in Chinese）

5. Masood E. Battle over biodiversity [J]. Nature, 2018, 560: 423–425.

6. Díaz S, Pascual U, Stenseke M, et al. Assessing nature’s contributions to people [J]. Science, 2018, 359: 270–272.

7. LI Xiao, WU Jihua, LI Bo. The battle for biodiversity and human future. Science Bulletin, 2019, 64(23): 2374- 2378.（in Chinese）

8. Bedford J, Farrar J, Ihekweazu C, et al. A new twenty-first century science for effective epidemic response [J]. Nature, 2019, 575: 130–136.

9. WU Chao. Construction of interdisciplinary knowledge classification system by using science chunk matrix [J]. Technology and Innovation Management, 2021, 42(04): 470-476.（in Chinese）

    评论文章的英文也粘贴于此： 

Journal of Safety and Sustainability represents the future development direction of safety & security science 

Chao Wu^a,b

^aSchool of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, PR China

^bSafety & Security Theory Innovation and Promotion Center (STIPC), Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, PR China 

I would like to express my warm congratulations on the founding of the Journal of Safety and Sustainability! The name of the magazine is very good, because it represents the future direction and development modes of safety & security science.

Safety & security (SS) and sustainable development are the premise and foundation of social progress and economic development, and the symbol of social civilization, harmony and people's happiness. SS development is endless, because human cognition and demand for SS are growing and improving, and human SS goals and standards are constantly improving and developing. On the other hand, the development and progress of science, technology and economy will also promote the continuous improvement, development and improvement of SS science and technology level and SS guarantee ability.

SS and sustainable development can be specifically understood as follows: First, since there are always hazards, risk sources, risk factors and hazard factors in the objective world, human survival, production and life in any era are faced with various safety risks from nature, biology, technology, society and human beings. Hazard sources and risks are always accompanied by human survival and development. Therefore, SS must be sustainable. Secondly, due to the objectivity, normality and permanence of SS risks, it is required that human activities (including the SS activities themselves) should be scientific, so as to ensure the sustainable development of SS. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the concept of sustainable SS, develop sustainable SS science and technology, grasp the strategies of sustainable SS and implement sustainable SS measures. Accordingly, in the new era of global SS governance and socio-economic development, all international organizations, countries, governments at all levels and society organizations, research institutions, production enterprises, groups and individuals should work together to ensure sustainable SS.

However, for a long time, most of the research on SS science lags behind the development of society and lacks SS foresight and SS sustainability. Many studies and their results are based on system failure or accident, or on improving the reliability and SS of system operation, so they always fail to achieve the real SS purpose of advanced prevention. In many cases, SS research and its results only play a role in making up for the lost.

Then how to break the traditional SS development model of the cycle of making up for the lost, a thought with fundamental significance is that we should break through the traditional short-term behavior SS concept, which needs to start with the definition of macro-SS and the creation of a new sustainable SS concept. In 2009, Jeffrey P. Koplan et at published a viewpoint article in the Lancet: put forward a common definition of global health. But in the area of SS, we haven’t seen general definition of macro-SS from the perspective of global sustainable SS (including deep space SS of earth). SS is a common basic demand above human physiological needs. Human SS and health complement each other and are as important as each other. They are all problems of all mankind around the world. New concepts are the beginning or origin of new theories and inventions. At present, we need a general definition of sustainable SS from the global perspective or macro-SS to command and guide human SS idea and various SS activities.

In the field of occupational safety, the people’s safety activities are usually called production safety and the traditional public security is separated from production safety. Because safety or security involves human problems, even a small event can be related to a large number of related problems. With the development of society, safety and security are often intertwined, influencing and related to each other, which are commonly known as safety & security integration in the world in recent ten years. SS integration is also a research hotspot and development trend of SS science in recent ten years(Pietre-Cambace´des, et al., 2013; Boustras, et al., 2020).

If space-time presupposition is enlarged to the permanent SS of global mankind, the human activities of SS integration are actually local SS activities in a short time. In the movement process of the complex and changeable social system on the earth, such as people-events-things, people-people, people-things, things-things, people-events, people-environment, people-other creatures, etc., at a certain time, there will always be all kinds of disharmony or friction in a local system, that is, unsafe emergencies or negative emergence phenomena in a local system always appear. In order to prevent, resolve and control this unsafe phenomena, various SS affairs have emerged in the society and many today's social SS systems have been formed, such as production safety, life security, homeland security, military security, economic security, cultural security, social security, scientific and technological safety, information security, ecological safety, biological safety, resource safety, nuclear security and so on. In fact, in the long history of the earth, above SS issues and activities have played a similar role as a lubricant or mitigation agent for a local disharmony in a short time for a local system. But all local SS systems today cannot guarantee the eternal SS of the earth and mankind.

What SS activities can guarantee the eternal SS of the earth and mankind? If we can take this as the goal of SS, then it can be regarded as the real macro-SS, and here are specifically expressed as global sustainable SS (GSSS).

Definition of GSSS can be defined as a balanced status that enables the global ecology and all mankind to survive and develop in a sustainable and harmonious way (Wu, 2021). All human activities carry out for GSSS objectives are called GSSS activities. GSSS is a great mission that transcends all political security, national security, ethnic security and so on; GSSS has the characteristics of permanence, globality and ecological harmony; GSSS opposes human supremacy; GSSS cannot be guaranteed or realized entirely by human power. The following is a further analysis based on the above GSSS definition:

 (1) Among the various SS demands, what is the most important SS if we focus on the eternal SS of the earth and all mankind? The possible answer is the eternal SS of the global ecology, because if the earth’s ecosystem is destroyed, the earth’s mankind will also disappear, and other SS demands will no longer exist. Compared with the global ecological SS, other SS are under it. Since in the human age, especially in the one or two hundred years, mankind has brought great impact and damage to the ecology of the earth, which is unprecedented. In 2018, Nature published a feature article on “Battle over biodiversity” (Masood, 2018) and Science Bulletin of China published a specific article by Li et al (2019) from Fudan University of China to analyze it; Science also published a related forward-looking article on “Assessing nature’s contributions to people” (Díaz, et al., 2018).

 (2) Who can guarantee the eternal ecological SS of the world? Obviously, because human’s curiosity, ambition and greed are terrible in some aspects and human beings are one of the creatures that are the protagonists of the earth, it is difficult to rely on human beings themselves to ensure global ecological SS. Also, due to human’s shortsightedness, prejudice, utilitarianism and selfishness, the conventions and SS norms made by human beings themselves are unreliable from a long-term perspective. Even if human beings can self-discipline and maintain a better ecology for generating balance, but it is difficult to ensure that the balance will be handed down from generation to generation. Many big SS events in the past have proved that human beings cannot maintain the status of self-discipline forever. Therefore, to ensure GSSS, we also need a third-party force, and this third-party force is by mankind itself, or by aliens outside the earth, or by some new force? Personally, I’m not sure. This is a huge topic that needs to be studied in the future. The third-party force may be a huge natural retaliation force formed by the earth’s ecology itself against the excessive destruction of humans or other species when the earth’s ecology is excessively damaged by humans or other species, including coming to mankind in the form of various natural disasters to maintain the global ecological balance in the short term.

 (3) After all, human beings are the smartest creatures on earth. Human beings are still unwilling to wait to die and accept the punishment of nature or a third party. How can human beings realize that their activities will not suffer natural retribution, and how to avoid natural disasters and control their activities based on GSSS? These are more important issues of human beings in the future.

 (4) If we focus on GSSS or global ecosystem SS, how can human beings build a new discipline system of GSSS? This is also a major topic in GSSS research, and more problems need to be studied.

In November 2019, Bedford, J et al published a review article in Nature, proposing that in response to the large-scale epidemic in the 21st century, all disciplines must unite. SS science is an interdisciplinary and comprehensive discipline, and SS science needs the combination of various disciplines. SS science will make greater contributions to various major public emergencies in the future. Global public security governance, risk control and academic circles should pay more attention to apply and develop the comprehensive discipline of SS science.

Today, with the development of science and technology, if we do not define the large cross or small cross of disciplines, we can certainly say that all the knowledge used and innovated in scientific research is interdisciplinary knowledge, and the research on complex problems always needs interdisciplinary approaches. The interdisciplinary modes of scientific and technological innovation and talent training process cannot be implemented according to a specific interdisciplinary form in advance. In particular, scientific and technological innovation is uncertain before it is successful and it is difficult by giving any interdisciplinary mode before doing research. Therefore, we should change from the concept of discipline to the new concept of science-chunk. Science-chunk is a knowledge aggregate formed by the qualitative transformation and integration of multiple existing subject knowledge established by the academic community (Wu, 2021), and is a new way to express the interdisciplinary knowledge. We must adopt the interdisciplinary thinking without disciplinary trace, which can fundamentally reflect the unpredictability of interdisciplinary knowledge, and the characteristics that the interdisciplinary forms are inexhaustible and endless.

In conclusion, the connotation of Journal of Safety and Sustainability is very consistent with the above definition of GSSS. It represents the future direction and development mode of SS science. We should carry out the idea of GSSS concept and overcome narrow humanism. According to the definition of GSSS, we should overcome the limit of human SS awareness and make greater efforts and contributions to the realization of global sustainable SS development. 

References：

Jeffrey P Koplan, T Christopher Bond, Michael H Merson, et al. Towards a common definition of global health [J]. Lancet, 2009, 373: 1993-1995.7-16.

Pietre-Cambace´des L, Bouissou, M. Cross-fertilization between safety and security engineering [J]. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 2013. 110: 110–126.

Boustras G, Waring A. Towards a reconceptualization of safety and security, their interactions, and policy requirements in a 21st century context [J]. Safety Science, 2020, 132: 104942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104942

WU Chao. Understanding the essence of safety science again by viewing the COVID-19epidemic [J]. Technology and Innovation Management, 2021, 42(04): 213-218.

Masood E. Battle over biodiversity [J]. Nature, 2018, 560: 423–425.

LI Xiao, WU Jihua, LI Bo. The battle for biodiversity and human future. Science Bulletin, 2019, 64(23): 2374- 2378.

Díaz S, Pascual U, Stenseke M, et al. Assessing nature’s contributions to people [J]. Science, 2018, 359: 270–272.

Bedford J, Farrar J, Ihekweazu C, et al. A new twenty-first century science for effective epidemic response [J]. Nature, 2019, 575: 130–136.

WU Chao. Construction of interdisciplinary knowledge classification system by using science chunk matrix [J]. Technology and Innovation Management, 2021, 42(04): 470-476.