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目前国际上关于狂犬病研究最权威最全面的大型学术专著《狂犬病(Rabies)》初版于2002年,最新版(第4版)已于今年5月5日面世。该书被誉为有关狂犬病的百科全书。该书的全称是《狂犬病的科学基础和管控(RABIES: SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF THE DISEASE AND ITS MANAGEMENT)》。(参见博文:权威的大型学术专著《狂犬病(Rabies)》最新版已面世 2020-06-29)
该书自2002年初版以来的所有四个版本都是充分肯定狂犬病的“十日观察法”的。(参见博文: 大型学术专著《狂犬病(Rabies)》充分肯定“十日观察法”)
该书最新版(第4版)中有关狂犬病“十日观察法”的相关论述出现在第4章和第6章。现将其中与“十日观察法”直接相关的内容翻译如下:
第4章 流行病学(Epidemiology)
4.3 狂犬病毒的传播(RABV transmission)
4.3.4 病毒泌出(Viral shedding)
狂犬病毒在唾液中的泌出是其主要传播途径,对此已经在一些家养动物中进行了充分的研究,特别是对猫、狗和雪貂。在这些早期开创性的研究中,病毒泌出在动物出现症状前超过3天就都未能观察到。病毒泌出的发生在动物之间是多种多样的,在实验中,几乎有一半的动物在唾液中都没有检测到狂犬病毒(猫除外,猫的唾液中有很高的狂犬病毒RNA检出率)。在美国对人类狂犬病病例的临床诊断中,类似地只有大约43%的病例在出现症状后5至28天期间的唾液中可检测到狂犬病毒。尽管有报道称病毒分泌期较长,特别是与一种埃塞俄比亚犬狂犬病毒的变异有关,但在过去三十到四十年中,人们广泛使用保守的10天观察期来排除可能的狂犬病暴露。在满足十天观察期要求的情况下,从未报告过人狂犬病病例。
英文原文:
Excretion of RABV in saliva is the primary route of transmission, and has been well studied among several domestic animals, particularly cats, dogs, and ferrets (Niezgoda, Briggs, Shaddock, & Rupprecht, 1998; Vaughn Jr., Gerhardt, & Newell, 1965; Vaughn, Gerhardt, & Paterson, 1963). In these seminal studies, virus excretion was not observed more than 3 days before onset of signs in animals. The onset of viral shedding is variable among animals, and rabies was not detected in saliva at all in nearly half of the animals in the experiments (with the exception of cats which had a high rate of RABV RNA detection in saliva). Clinical diagnosis of human rabies cases in the United States has similarly detected RABV in saliva in approximately 43% of cases between 5 and 28days after the onset of symptoms (Petersen & Rupprecht, 2011). Despite reports of longer viral excretion periods, particularly associated with an Ethiopian canine RABV variant, a conservative 10-day observation period has been widely utilized to rule out possible rabies exposures over the past three to four decades (Fekadu, Chandler, & Harrison, 1982; Fekadu, Shaddock, & Baer, 1982; National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians et al., 2016). No human rabies cases have been reported as a failure of this observation period.
第6章:陆生哺乳动物中的狂犬病(Rabies in Terrestrial Animals)
6.1 前言(Introduction)
6.1.1 发病机理概论(General pathogenesis)
基于流行病学和实验数据的狂犬病发病机制的特性为狂犬病控制方面的实际考虑提供了基础,例如WHO建议的10天观察期的做法(WHO,2018年)。如果一个人或动物可能暴露于一只狗、猫或雪貂,在需要排除狂犬病时,可能只需要简单地观察咬人的动物10天就能确定。如果该动物在这10天期间一直活得好好的,暴露于该动物而导致狂犬病毒传播的风险可以忽略不计。如果存在病毒泌出和传播的风险,该动物在观察期间将表现出临床狂犬病的症状(有时包括猝死)。任何临床症状或猝死都需要实验室检测来确认(译者注:如被观察的动物无临床症状或猝死,则不需要实验室检测确认,可直接排除任何风险)。
有趣的是,在该病的发病机理被发现之前,对可疑动物的禁闭和观察已经是兽医的一种卫生措施。
英文原文:
The specifics in rabies pathogenesis founded on both epidemiological and experimental data provide the basis for practical considerations in rabies control, for example, the practice of a 10-day observation period as recommended by the WHO (World Health Organization, 2018). If a dog, cat, or ferret potentially exposes a person or animal, and rabies needs to be ruled in or out, the biting animal may simply be observed for 10 days. If the animal remains alive and well during this 10-day period, the risk of rabies virus transmission from the potential exposure to this animal is negligible. If there were a risk of viral shedding and transmission, the animal would have manifested signs of clinical rabies (sometimes including sudden death) during the observation period. Any clinical sign or sudden death needs to be confirmed by laboratory investigations.
Interestingly, confinement and observation of suspect animals had already been a veterinary hygienic measure before the pathogenesis of the disease was uncovered (Blancou, 2004).
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