联合国文件中的毛主席语录

武夷山

正在浏览《读书》杂志今年第7期，上有孙健山的文章，说中国派代表团参加了1972年联合国人类环境会议，并在人类环境宣言中插进了一段毛主席语录：“人类总得不断地总结经验，有所发现，有所发明，有所创造，有所前进”。

我过去从没听说过这件事，就检索了一下，果然如此。文件的原文和译文放在后面，我对译文作了个别校订。不过，严格说来，文件名不应是“人类环境宣言”，而是“联合国人类环境会议宣言”或“联合国人类环境会议声明”。第3条的第一句话便是毛主席语录。

我还发现，该文件还采用了另一条毛主席语录呢，见文中第5点的标红部分。

据许培扬老师推荐的报道，文中还有第三处毛主席语录，在第6点。

必须承认，起草于整整44年前的这份文件，水平还是很高的。

Declarationof the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment

The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, having met at Stockholm from 5 to 16 June 1972,having considered the need for a common outlook and for common principles to inspire and guide the peoples of the world in the preservation and enhancement of the human environment,

Proclaims that:

1. Man is both creature and moulder of his environment, which gives him physical sustenance and affords him the opportunity for intellectual, moral, social and spiritual growth. In the long and tortuous evolution of the human race on this planet a stage has been reached when, through the rapid acceleration of science and technology, man has acquired the power to transform his environment in countless ways and on an unprecedented scale. Both aspects of man's environment, the natural and the man-made, are essential to his well-being and to the enjoyment of basic human rights the right to life itself.

2. The protection and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects the well-being of peoples and economic development throughout the world; it is the urgent desire of the peoples of the whole world and the duty of all Governments.

3. Man has constantly to sum up experience and goon discovering, inventing, creating and advancing. In our time, man's capability to transform his surroundings, if used wisely, can bring to all peoples the benefits of development and the opportunity to enhance the quality of life. Wrongly or heedlessly applied, the same power can do incalculable harm to human beings and the human environment. We see around us growing evidence of man-made harm in many regions of the earth: dangerous levels of pollution in water, air, earth and living beings; major and undesirable disturbances to the ecological balance of the biosphere; destruction and depletion of irreplaceable resources; and gross deficiencies, harmful to the physical, mental and social health of man, in the man-made environment, particularly in the living and working environment.

4. In the developing countries most of the environmental problems are caused by under-development. Millions continue to live far below the minimum levels required for a decent human existence,deprived of adequate food and clothing, shelter and education, health and sanitation. Therefore, the developing countries must direct their efforts todevelopment, bearing in mind their priorities and the need to safeguard andimprove the environment. For the same purpose, the industrialized countriesshould make efforts to reduce the gap themselves and the developing countries.In the industrialized countries, environmental problems are generally relatedto industrialization and technological development.

5. The natural growth of population continuously presents problems for the preservation of the environment, and adequate policies and measures should be adopted, as appropriate, to face these problems. Of all things in the world, people are the most precious. It is the people that propel social progress, create social wealth, develop science and technology and, through their hard work, continuously transform the human environment. Along with social progress and the advance of production, science and technology, the capability of man to improve the environment increases with each passing day.

6. A point has been reached in history when we must shape our actions throughout the world with a more prudent care for their environmental consequences. Through ignorance or indifference we can do massive and irreversible harm to the earthly environment on which our life and wellbeing depend. Conversely, through fuller knowledge and wiser action, we can achieve for ourselves and our posterity a better life in an environment more in keeping with human needs and hopes. There are broad vistas for the enhancement of environmental quality and the creation of a good life. What is needed is an enthusiastic but calm state of mind and intense but orderly work. For the purpose of attaining freedom in the world of nature, man must use knowledge to build, in collaboration with nature, a better environment. To defend and improve the human environment for present and future generations has become an imperative goal for mankind-a goal to be pursued together with, and in harmony with, the established and fundamental goals of peace and of worldwide economic and social development.

7. To achieve this environmental goal will demandthe acceptance of responsibility by citizens and communities and by enterprisesand institutions at every level, all sharing equitably in common efforts.Individuals in all walks of life as well as organizations in many fields, bytheir values and the sum of their actions, will shape the world environment ofthe future.

Local and national governments will bear thegreatest burden for large-scale environmental policy and action within theirjurisdictions. International cooperation is also needed in order to raiseresources to support the developing countries in carrying out theirresponsibilities in this field. A growing class of environmental problems,because they are regional or global in extent or because they affect the commoninternational realm, will require extensive cooperation among nations andaction by international organizations in the common interest.

The Conference calls upon Governments and peoplesto exert common efforts for the preservation and improvement of the humanenvironment, for the benefit of all the people and for their posterity.

Principles

States the common conviction that:

Principle 1

Man has the fundamental right to freedom,equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of a quality thatpermits a life of dignity and well-being, and he bears a solemn responsibilityto protect and improve the environment for present and future generations. Inthis respect, policies promoting or perpetuating apartheid, racial segregation,discrimination, colonial and other forms of oppression and foreign dominationstand condemned and must be eliminated.

Principle 2

The natural resources of the earth, including theair, water, land, flora and fauna and especially representative samples ofnatural ecosystems, must be safeguarded for the benefit of present and futuregenerations through careful planning or management, as appropriate.

Principle 3

The capacity of the earth to produce vitalrenewable resources must be maintained and, wherever practicable, restored orimproved.

Principle 4

Man has a special responsibility to safeguard andwisely manage the heritage of wildlife and its habitat, which are now gravelyimperilled by a combination of adverse factors. Nature conservation, includingwildlife, must therefore receive importance in planning for economicdevelopment.

Principle 5

The non-renewable resources of the earth must beemployed in such a way as to guard against the danger of their futureexhaustion and to ensure that benefits from such employment are shared by allmankind.

Principle 6

The discharge of toxic substances or of othersubstances and the release of heat, in such quantities or concentrations as toexceed the capacity of the environment to render them harmless, must be haltedin order to ensure that serious or irreversible damage is not inflicted uponecosystems. The just struggle of the peoples of ill countries against pollutionshould be supported.

Principle 7

States shall take all possible steps to preventpollution of the seas by substances that are liable to create hazards to humanhealth, to harm living resources and marine life, to damage amenities or tointerfere with other legitimate uses of the sea.

Principle 8

Economic and social development is essential forensuring a favorable living and working environment for man and for creatingconditions on earth that are necessary for the improvement of the quality oflife.

Principle 9

Environmental deficiencies generated by theconditions of under-development and natural disasters pose grave problems andcan best be remedied by accelerated development through the transfer ofsubstantial quantities of financial and technological assistance as asupplement to the domestic effort of the developing countries and such timelyassistance as may be required.

Principle 10

For the developing countries, stability of pricesand adequate earnings for primary commodities and raw materials are essentialto environmental management, since economic factors as well as ecologicalprocesses must be taken into account.

Principle 11

The environmental policies of all States shouldenhance and not adversely affect the present or future development potential ofdeveloping countries, nor should they hamper the attainment

of better living conditions for all, andappropriate steps should be taken by States and international organizationswith a view to reaching agreement on meeting the possible national andinternational economic consequences resulting from the application ofenvironmental measures.

Principle 12

Resources should be made available to preserveand improve the environment, taking into account the circumstances andparticular requirements of developing countries and any costs which mayemanate- from their incorporating environmental safeguards into theirdevelopment planning and the need for making available to them, upon theirrequest, additional international technical and financial assistance for thispurpose.

Principle 13

In order to achieve a more rational management ofresources and thus to improve the environment, States should adopt anintegrated and coordinated approach to their development planning so as toensure that development is compatible with the need to protect and improveenvironment for the benefit of their population.

Principle 14

Rational planning constitutes an essential toolfor reconciling any conflict between the needs of development and the need toprotect and improve the environment.

Principle 15

Planning must be applied to human settlements andurbanization with a view to avoiding adverse effects on the environment andobtaining maximum social, economic and environmental benefits for all. In thisrespect projects which arc designed for colonialist and racist domination mustbe abandoned.

Principle 16

Demographic policies which are without prejudiceto basic human rights and which are deemed appropriate by Governments concernedshould be applied in those regions where the rate of population growth orexcessive population concentrations are likely to have adverse effects on theenvironment of the human environment and impede development.

Principle 17

Appropriate national institutions must beentrusted with the task of planning, managing or controlling the 9environmental resources of States with a view to enhancing environmentalquality.

Principle 18

Science and technology, as part of theircontribution to economic and social development, must be applied to theidentification, avoidance and control of environmental risks and the solutionof environmental problems and for the common good of mankind.

Principle 19

Education in environmental matters, for theyounger generation as well as adults, giving due consideration to theunderprivileged, is essential in order to broaden the basis for an enlightenedopinion and responsible conduct by individuals, enterprises and communities inprotecting and improving the environment in its full human dimension. It isalso essential that mass media of communications avoid contributing to thedeterioration of the environment, but, on the contrary, disseminatesinformation of an educational nature on the need to project and improve theenvironment in order to enable mal to develop in every respect.

Principle 20

Scientific research and development in thecontext of environmental problems, both national and multinational, must bepromoted in all countries, especially the developing countries. In thisconnection, the free flow of up-to-date scientific information and transfer ofexperience must be supported and assisted, to facilitate the solution ofenvironmental problems; environmental technologies should be made available todeveloping countries on terms which would encourage their wide disseminationwithout constituting an economic burden on the developing countries.

Principle 21

States have, in accordance with the Charter ofthe United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign rightto exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental policies,and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction orcontrol do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areasbeyond the limits of national jurisdiction.

Principle 22

States shall cooperate to develop further theinternational law regarding liability and compensation for the victims ofpollution and other environmental damage caused by activities within thejurisdiction or control of such States to areas beyond their jurisdiction.

Principle 23

Without prejudice to such criteria as may beagreed upon by the international community, or to standards which will have tobe determined nationally, it will be essential in all cases to consider thesystems of values prevailing in each country, and the extent of theapplicability of standards which are valid for the most advanced countries butwhich may be inappropriate and of unwarranted social cost for the developingcountries.

Principle 24

International matters concerning the protectionand improvement of the environment should be handled in a cooperative spirit byall countries, big and small, on an equal footing.

Cooperation through multilateral or bilateralarrangements or other appropriate means is essential to effectively control,prevent, reduce and eliminate adverse environmental effects resulting fromactivities conducted in all spheres, in such a way that due account is taken ofthe sovereignty and interests of all States.

Principle 25

States shall ensure that internationalorganizations play a coordinated, efficient and dynamic role for the protectionand improvement of the environment.

Principle 26

Man and his environment must be spared theeffects of nuclear weapons and all other means of mass destruction. States muststrive to reach prompt agreement, in the relevant international organs, on theelimination and complete destruction of such weapons.

21st plenary meeting

16 June 1972

人类环境宣言

　联合国人类环境会议于1972年６月５日至１６日在斯德哥尔摩举行，考虑到需要取得共同的看法和制定共同的原则以鼓舞和指导世界各国人民保持和改善人类环境，兹宣布:

1、人类既是他的环境的创造物，又是他的环境的塑造者，环境给予人以维持生存的东西，并给它提供了在智力、道德、社会和精神等方面获得发展的机会。生存在地球上的人类，在漫长和曲折的进化过程中，已经达到这样一个阶段，即由于科学技术发展的迅速加快，人类获得了以无数方法和在空前的规模上改造其环境的能力。人类环境的两个方面，即天然和人为的两个方面，对于人类的幸福和对于享受基本人权，甚至生存权利本身，都是必不缺少的。

2、保护和改善人类环境是关系到全世界各国人民的幸福和经济发展的重要问题，也是全世界各国人民的迫切希望和各国政府的责任。

3、人类总得不断地总结经验，有所发现，有所发明，有所创造，有所前进。在现代，人类改造其环境的能力，如果明智地加以使用的话，就可以给各国人民带来开发的利益和提高生活质量的机会。如果使用不当，或轻率地使用，这种能力就会给人类和人类环境造成无法估量的损害。在地球上许多地区，我们可以看到周围有越来越多的说明人为的损害的迹象：在水、空气、土壤以及生物中污染达到危险的程度；生物界的生态平衡受到严重和不适当的扰乱；一些无法取代的资源受到破坏或陷于枯竭；在人为的环境，特别是生活和工作环境里存在着有害于人类身体、精神和社会健康的严重缺陷。

4、在发展中国家中，环境问题大半是由于发展不足造成的。千百万人的生活仍然远远低于像样的生活所需要的最低水平。他们无法取得充足的食物和衣服、住房和教育、保健和卫生设备。发展中的国家必须致力于发展工作，牢记他们优先任务和保护及改善环境的必要。

　为了同样目的，工业化国家应当努力缩小他们自己与发展中国家的差距。在工业化国家里，环境问题一般同工业化和技术发展有关。

5、人口的自然增长不断地给环境保护带来一些问题，但是如果采取适当的政策和措施，这些问题是可以解决的。世间一切事情中，人是第一可宝贵的（博主注：这句话也是毛主席语录啊，只差一个字，原文是“第一个可宝贵的”）。人民推动着社会进步，创造着社会财富，发展着科学技术，并通过自己的辛勤劳动，不断地改造着人类环境。随着社会进步和生产、科学及技术的发展，人类改善环境的能力也与日俱增。

6、现在已达到历史上这样一个时刻：我们在决定在世界各地的行动时，必须更加审慎地考虑它们对环境产生的后果。由于无知和不关心，我们可能给我们的生活和幸福所依靠的地球环境造成巨大的无法挽回的损害。反之，有了比较充分的知识和采取比较明智的行动，我们就可以使我们自己和我们的后代在一个比较符合人类需要和希望的环境中过着较好的生活。改善环境的质量和创造美好生活的前景是广阔的。我们需要的是热烈而镇定的情绪，紧张而有秩序的工作。为了在自然界里获得自由，人类必须利用知识在同自然合作的情况下建设一个较好的环境。为了这一代和将来的世世代代，保护和改善人类环境已经成为人类的一个紧迫的目标，这个目标将同争取和平、全世界经济和社会发展这两个既定的基本目标共同和协调地实现。

7、为实现这一环境目标，将要求公民和团体以及企业和各级机关承担责任，大家平等地从事共同的努力。各界人士和许多领域中的组织，凭他们有价值的品质和全部行动，将确定未来的世界环境的格局。各地方政府和全国政府，将对在他们管辖范围内的大规模环境政策和行动，承担最大的责任。为筹措资金以支援发展中国家完成他们在这方面的责任，还需要进行国际合作。种类越来越多的环境问题，因为他们在范围上是地区性的和全球性的，或者因为他们影响着共同的国际领域，将要求国与国之间广泛合作和国际组织采取行动以谋求共同的利益。会议呼吁各国政府和人民为着全体人民和他们的子孙后代的利益而作出共同的努力。

　这些原则声明了共同的信念：

1、人类有权在一种能够过尊严和幸福的生活的环境中，享有自由、平等和充足的生活条件的基本权利，并且负有保护和改善这一代和将来世世代代的环境的庄严责任。在这方面，促进和维护种族隔离、种族分离与歧视、殖民主义和其他形式的压迫及外国统治的政策，应该受到谴责和必须消除。

2、为了这一代和将来的世世代代的利益，地球上的自然资源，其中包括空气、水、土地、植物和动物，特别是自然生态类中具有代表性的标本，必须通过周密计划和适当管理加以保护。

3、地球生产非常重要的再生资源的能力必须得到保持，而且在实际可能的情况下加以恢复和改善。

4、人类负有特殊的责任保护和妥善管理由于其他各种不利的因素而现在受到严重危害的野生生物后嗣及其产地。因此，在计划发展经济时必须注意保护自然界，其中包括野生动物。

5、在使用地球上不能再生的资源时，必须防范将来把它们耗尽的危险，并且必须确保整个人类能够分享从这样的使用中获得好处。

6、为了保证不使生态环境遭受严重的和不可挽回的损害，应该支持各国人民反对污染的正义斗争。

7、各国应该采取一切可能的步骤来防止海洋受到那些会对人类健康造成危害的、损害生物资源和破坏海洋生物舒适环境的或妨碍对海洋进行其他合法利用的物质的污染。

8、为了保证人类有一个良好的生活和工作环境，为了在地球上创造那些对改善生活质量所必要的条件，经济和社会发展是非常必要的。

9、由于不发达和自然灾害原因而导致环境破坏造成了严重的问题。克服这些问题的最好办法，是移用大量的财政和技术援助以支持发展中国家本国的努力，并且提供可能需要的及时援助，以加速发展工作。

10、对于发展中的国家来说，由于必须考虑经济因素和生态进程，因此，使初级产品和原料有稳定的价格和适当的收入是必要的。

11、所有国家的环境政策应该提高，而不应该损及发展中国家现有和将来的发展潜力，也不应该妨碍大家生活条件的改善。各国和各国际组织应该采取适当步骤，以便就应付因实施环境措施所可能引起的国内和国际的经济后果达成协议。

12、应筹集资金来维护和改善环境，其中要照顾到发展中国家的情况和特殊性，照顾到他们由于在发展计划中列入环境保护项目而需要的任何费用，以及应他们的请求而供给额外的国际技术和财政援助的需要。

13、为了实现更合理的资源管理从而改善环境，各国应该对他们的发展计划采取统一和协议的做法，以保证为了人民的利益，使发展同保护和改善人类环境的需要相一致。

14、合理的计划是协调发展的需要和保护与改善环境的需要相一致的。

15、人的定居和城市化工作必须加以规划，以避免对环境的不良影响，并为大家取得社会、经济和环境三方面的最大利益。在这方面，必须停止为殖民主义和种族主义统治而制定的项目。

16、在人口增长率和人口过分集中可能对环境和发展产生不良影响的地区，都应采取不损害基本人权和有关政府认为适当的人口政策。

17、必须委托适当的国家机关对国家的环境资源进行规划、管理和监督，以期提高环境质量。

18、为了人类的共同利益，必须用科学和技术以鉴定、避免和控制环境恶化并解决环境问题，从而促进经济和社会发展。

19、为了更广泛地扩大个人、企业和基层社会在保护和改善人类各种环境方面提出开明舆论和采取负责行为的基础，必须对年轻一代和成人进行环境问题的教育，同时应该考虑到对不能享受正当权利的人进行这方面教育。

20、必须促进各国，特别是发展中国家的国内和国际范围内从事有关环境问题的科学研究及其发展。在这方面，必须支持和促使最新科学情报和经验的自由交流以便解决环境问题；应该使发展中的国家得到环境工艺，其条件是鼓励这种工艺的广泛传播，而不成为发展中国家的经济负担。

21、按照联合国宪章和国际法原则，各国都有按自己的环境政策开发自己资源的主权，并且有责任保证在他们管辖和控制之内的活动，不致损害其他国家和在国家范围以外地区的环境。

22、各国应进行合作，以进一步发展有关他们管辖和控制之内的活动对他们管辖以外的环境造成的污染和其他环境损害的受害者承担责任和赔偿问题的国际法。

23、在不损害国际大家庭可能达成的规定和不损害必须由一个国家决定的标准的情况下，必须考虑各国的现行价值制度和考虑对最先进的国家有效，但是对发展中国家不适合和具有不值得的社会代价的标准可行程度。

24、有关保护和改善环境的国际问题应当由所有的国家，不论其大小，在平等的基础上本着合作精神来加以处理，必须通过多边和双边的安排和其它合适途径的合作，在正当考虑所有国家的主权和利益的情况下，防止、消灭或减少和有效的控制各方面的行动所造成的对环境的有害影响。

25、各国应保证国际组织在改善和保护环境方面起协调的、有效的和能动的作用。

26、人类及其环境必须免受核武器和其他一些大规模毁灭性手段的影响。各国必须努力在有关的国际机构内就消除和彻底销毁这种武器迅速达成协议。