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周期性皮质醇增多症(cycles of hypercortisolism)

已有 6941 次阅读 2011-5-3 11:30 |个人分类:科研笔记|系统分类:科研笔记| 周期性皮质醇增多症

周期性皮质醇增多症(cycles of hypercortisolism

 

周期性皮质醇增多症是一种以重复性皮质醇过度分泌与正常分泌期相间的一种罕见的内分泌失调性疾病,又称周期性库欣氏综合症(Cyclic Cushing’s syndrome)。可以是以几天或几年为周期的节律性或非节律性的周期,常规诊断必须有皮质醇分泌的3个波峰和2个波谷为证据。它的起因可能是垂体促肾上腺皮质激素细胞腺瘤、产ACTH异位瘤或肾上腺肿瘤等周期性皮质醇增多症的发病机理还不是很清楚,大多数病人表现出皮质醇增多症的临床特征,也有少数病人没有皮质醇增多症的临床特征,因其生化指标的上下波动,使它的诊断变得极为困难,值得临床医生关注。常规检查尿液皮质醇(cortisol)或唾液皮质醇可以方便有效的筛查周期性皮质醇增多症,皮质醇刺激或抑制实验则可能因为血清皮质醇的无意识涨落而显示假阳性,当周期性皮质醇增多症的生化指标确定后应当检测它是否是ACTH依赖型,以排除ACTH异位分泌类癌瘤和神经内分泌肿瘤的特异性生化检查也是必须的,包括血小板和尿液中的血清素(serotonin)检查,和嗜铬粒蛋白A和降血钙素(calcitonin)的检查。

正常人体的皮质醇分泌是通常是清晨高峰而半夜谷底1,还存在有与人体的自然节律相一致的次昼夜节律和超昼夜节律13。次昼夜节律包括每24小时中在每3小时平台期之后的69个小的分泌波峰12,而超昼夜节律则可以持续数周或数月3。这些明显的节律被认为是由促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(corticotrophin releasing hormone, CRH)和促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotrophic hormoneACTH)决定的。

除了少数情况,皮质醇增多症患者多数都缺乏正常的生理节律4,而周期性皮质醇增多症患者的皮质醇增多却可表现出节律性。在它的节律周期中血清皮质醇的水平可以稍高、或低于正常水平,Bailey1971年第一个在临床中分析并报道了这一现象5,不过在他之前实际上早就已经被注意过了68

 

周期性皮质醇增多症的定义和诊断标准:

一般公认的周期性皮质醇增多症的诊断标准是皮质醇产生出现3个波峰和2个波谷以上9。这个诊断标准在大部分病人上都适用,但还是有少部分病人不行,特别是当其周期特别长的情况下。这时可以用不同的方法来分类,Shapiro等人研究了44位周期性皮质醇增多症患者,把此病分为4个亚型10

亚型1:规律性的激素分泌周期加固定的临床表现;

亚型2:规律性的激素分泌周期加周期性的临床表现;

亚型3:不规律的激素分泌周期加相对应的临床表征;

亚型4:不规律的激素分泌周期加固定不变的临床表征

无论临床表现是固定的还是多变的,周期的长度可以从几天变动到几个月,皮质醇活动不规律的患者其周期性可以从3个月10次到5年两次。可以肯定的是,并不是所有的患者都可以用皮质醇分泌类型和临床表现分类,特别是那些持续时间很长的类型。而且这种分类法是非临床预后的,无法对治疗做出指导。所以有人不管临床表现而用周期长度作为分类标准。

 

流行病学:

据统计,库欣氏综合症年发病率是10万或1百万人中有一个11,而周期性皮质醇增多症的发病率要低很多,当然这与此病不易检出,易误诊有关,周期性皮质醇增多症的发病率一直被严重低估。根据文献调查,可以有2040%的库欣氏综合症患者是周期性皮质醇增多症,这需要对皮质醇分泌周期做仔细分析才能确诊1214。儿童中也有周期性皮质醇增多症的报道,主要发生在罕见的肾上腺皮质增生上1517

 

临床特征:

周期性皮质醇增多症的起因可能是垂体促肾上腺皮质激素细胞腺瘤、ACTH异位瘤或肾上腺肿瘤等,相对于普通的皮质醇增多症,它更多见于ACTH异位综合症,而且多是良性肿瘤引起的周期性ACTH异位分泌。而且尚未发现周期性皮质醇增多症引起的小细胞性肺癌的报道,而这是ACTH异位分泌可特异性导致的恶性肿瘤1819

周期性皮质醇增多症更多见于妇女,男女比例大约是1:3。多数为50岁以上老人,在案病例最年长者是72岁发病。

一共有10例儿童和青少年病例(各5例)的报道,其中两个是库欣氏综合症,一个胸腺肿瘤,一个肾脏肿瘤,三个双侧肾上腺色素结节性增生,还有三个病因不清,与普通的儿童皮质醇增多症的发病原因类似。

周期性皮质醇增多症可以表现一个到多个皮质醇增多症的典型症状,其中95%表现两个以上的典型症状。比如葡萄糖耐受紊乱、情绪异常、痤疮、多毛症和闭经,情绪异常包括抑郁、精神分裂,神经官能症、易怒、情绪激动和记忆力减退。对于情绪异常需要分清其与周期性皮质醇增多症的因果关系。

 

预后:

周期性皮质醇增多症的预期寿命因在案病例太少而无法估计,但其外科手术后的复发率为52%,远大于普通皮质醇增多症的约80%20

 

发病机理:

周期性皮质醇增多症的发病机理还很不清楚,有人提出是ACTH或泌皮质醇肿瘤间歇性出血、生长或死亡造成的21。基于这一理论,当移除促肾上腺皮质激素细胞腺瘤后应观察到骨疽(necrosis2224,但实际上并未发现5。周期性皮质醇增多症也被发现与垂体瘤并发44,后者表现为增生物的钙化和血管梗塞。尽管如此,表现在周期性皮质醇增多症的某些患者的严格的皮质醇分泌的周期性很难仅仅用细胞生长和死亡的变动来解释。

另一种解释认为周期性来源于周期性皮质醇增多症中皮质醇对肿瘤来源的ACTH分泌的长期的负反馈调节。

第三种解释则认为是下丘脑-垂体ACTH分泌的周期性变化导致的,包括CRHNA(去甲肾上腺素)、乙酰胆碱和伽玛氨基丁酸(GABA)。一些周期性皮质醇增多症患者对2-丙基戊酸纳有反应,这是一个GABA的激动剂,可以在不影响ACTH的分泌的情况下抑制GRH的分泌25。这表明CRH在周期性皮质醇增多症的发病机理中占着很重要的位置26。多巴胺能中心的变化也可能是周期性皮质醇增多症的一个发病原因27,相应的,周期性皮质醇增多症患者也会对多巴胺激动剂溴麦角环肽(bromocriptine)产生反应2829。在大鼠中,中央去甲肾上腺素抑制ACTH分泌并且反而与血清皮质脂酮相连30,由于多巴胺可抑制抗利尿激素31,所以在病例中发现ACTH和抗利尿激素的周期性分泌就非常有意义了32,这说明多巴胺能系统在周期性皮质醇增多症的发病中起着作用。而且下丘脑血清素的产生也与周期性皮质醇增多症相关,这说明,赛庚啶,一种在下丘脑的强抗血清素,可以降低皮质醇增多,并显著降低ACTH导致的周期性皮质醇增多症的起伏和频率33

最后,在周期性皮质醇增多症中的支气管良性肿瘤中同时存在胃生长激素(ghrelin)和生长激素促分泌素受体,这导致了ACTH的异位分泌,这说明在这种肿瘤中ACTH的分泌可能是自分泌或旁分泌的34

 

鉴别诊断:

半皮质醇增多症和亚临床皮质醇增多症:皮质醇增多症的检测最基础的是至少连续3天的24小时尿液皮质醇分泌测定和低剂量地塞米松抑制实验3536。但并没有哪个实验特别精确,所以对于疑似病例,多次的检查是非常必要的。需要观察一系列临床和生化指标的异常,以确定皮质醇的分泌是否是周期性地。2mg联合地塞米松-CRH检测可精确区分半皮质醇增多症和正常生理状态37,但不能用于评估周期性皮质醇增多症。深夜唾液皮质醇筛查检测也不能明确。亚临床皮质醇增多症可以通过亚临床的自主性糖皮质激素分泌过多来确诊,而且多数伴有未发现的肾上腺肿瘤3840

类皮质醇增多症:这是一种临床类似于皮质醇增多症的非内分泌系统导致的疾病,虽然它也表现出与皮质醇增多症一样的生化指标的异常。这个疾病多由抑郁和滥用酒精导致,下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的可逆性失调是类皮质醇增多症与周期性皮质醇增多症鉴别的关键。在2mg地塞米松抑制实验中,由抑郁引起的类皮质醇增多症的患者往往显示尿液和血清皮质醇抑制不足41。深夜外周血皮质醇测定也有助于鉴别这两个病。

异常受体介导的皮质醇增多症:在一些稀有的病例中周期性皮质醇增多症可因肾上腺受体的异常而发病。一种是妊娠期间异常的肾上腺LH受体导致的短暂的皮质醇增多42;另一种是胃抑肽受体的异位表达导致的“食物依赖性”皮质醇增多症,表现为禁食时的低皮质醇水平和进食后的高皮质醇水平。这两种情况都与ACTH非依赖型双侧肾上腺巨结节性增生有关,而低剂量地塞米松抑制实验常表现为假阳性,但血清皮质醇水平的昼夜颠倒可以有助于鉴别此病。

假性皮质醇增多症:有些病例最初生化指标表现为皮质醇增多症,但其后的血清和/或尿液的皮质醇水平飘忽不定,被诊断为假性皮质醇增多症4347。一些是由于患者服用或使用了皮质醇制剂,有些则是使用了非天然的糖皮质激素这些可以用气相色谱分析区分天然或人工合成的皮质醇来鉴别4849。而且,由内生的皮质醇增多引起的周期性皮质醇增多症一定伴有尿液皮质醇代谢物的升高45

糖皮质激素抵抗:糖皮质激素抵抗综合症多数由细胞水平的皮质醇活性受损产生的下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴受激引起,也表现为皮质醇增多。患者多不表现库欣氏综合症的症状,但女性患者会表现出雌激素水平升高,同时尿液和血清皮质醇水平升高,并表现出节律性50

 

实验室检查:

除了有一些临时性的表现外周期性皮质醇增多症与普通皮质醇增多症的实验室检查非常相似。都可表现出周期性的低血钾和/或高血糖症,还有间歇性的白细胞增多症51

对于周期性皮质醇增多症有时一段时间的高皮质醇水平之后会出现一段时期的肾上腺皮质机能减退,甚至可能需要补充皮质醇治疗52

在周期性皮质醇增多症中可发现一些罕见的实验室指标异常,比如皮质类固醇结合球蛋白(corticosteroid-binding globulin, CBG)缺乏等。

一旦怀疑周期性皮质醇增多症,持续性实验室检测是必不可少的,比如24小时尿液皮质醇检测。为了排除不完全收集导致的漏检,系列性过夜皮质醇/肌氨酸酐(creatinine)比例的检测是必须的52,有规律的唾液皮质醇检测也是非常有用的5354

一些内分泌检测也是必须的,比如高剂量地塞米松抑制实验和CRH刺激实验,可以区分垂体和异位ACTH增多症。

在异位ACTH分泌的病症中,区分是否是良性肿瘤是非常必要的,周期性皮质醇增多症多为良性肿瘤,应当检测血小板血清素和尿液血清素及它们的代谢产物5-HIAA5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid55,良性肿瘤多会升高而恶性的多为下降。嗜铬粒蛋白A则是神经内分泌肿瘤的标志,降血钙素在库欣氏综合症中是正常的但在良性和神经内分泌肿瘤中会升高,这些都可以用来区分异位的还是垂体本身分泌的ACTH

 

影像学检查:

影像学检查对于实体瘤导致的周期性皮质醇增多症的诊断是有帮助的,但许多实体瘤的检出是有困难的,比如15%ACTH异位分泌瘤就无法检出。我们可以用CTMIR扫描颈部、胸部和腹部,CT更适合于用来检测年轻患者的胸腺肿瘤。也可以用PET来进行内分泌肿瘤的筛查。

 

治疗:

周期性皮质醇增多症的治疗应着眼于它的发病原因,其治疗方法与同原因疾病相同。比如使用内窥镜的神经外科手术、垂体照射、伽马刀、双侧肾上腺切除术等。

药物治疗可以选用酮康唑、氨鲁米特,甲吡酮和米托坦(ketoconazole, aminoglutethimide, metyrapone and mitotane56。对于ACTH异位综合症可以用生长激素抑制素(somatostatin)来治疗57

 

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