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萨缪尔森《经济学》英文第9版提要 (照相复制版)
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萨缪尔森《经济学》英文第9版提要 (照相复制版)
黄安年文 Paul A. Samuelson 著,黄安年的博客/2009年12月15日发布
昨天笔者发布了读保罗·萨缪尔森《经济学》一文,文中写道:美国当代美国最有影响的《经济学》著者保罗·萨缪尔森是第一位获得诺贝尔经济学奖的美国经济学家，他的经典著作《经济学》以四十多种语言在全球销售超过上千万册，是全世界最畅销的经济学教科书，影响了当代世界市场经济国家的经济学。如果说,新中国成立后的一段时间里,影响中国的是马克思的《资本论》和政治经济学教科书。那么改革开放以来，保罗·萨缪尔森《经济学》对于中国读者了解西方国家经济学说有着重要的影响。保罗·萨缪尔森的《经济学》1948年初版，他把微观经济学与宏观经济学结合在一起，在当代世界不断变化的情况下,对于美国主流经济学作出新的解释。第14版起，著名的青年经济学家诺德豪斯加盟，每3年左右出1版，体现了后凯恩斯主流的综合经济学流派。
笔者手中有第1O版(商务印书馆全译本)、第12版(中国发展出版社)，经常翻阅这部《经济学》受益匪浅。文章介绍了中国发展出版社出版的第12版。
现在 笔者介绍手中保存的第9版英文原版,照相复制其中封面页、版权页、前言、目录等,共24幅,另附英文第17版的前言和目录，还有一篇有关保罗·萨缪尔森逝世的报道。
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萨缪尔森《经济学》第17版序言和目录
Preface
As humanity welcomes the new century, economics as a science and as a subject continues to be central to concerns around the globe. The twentieth century witnessed a spectacular change in the living standards of most of the world, particularly those in the affluent countries of North America, Western Europe, and East Asia. While the first half of the century was marked by two world wars and one great depression, the last half has been one of virtually uninterrupted growth of living standards and the spread of free markets, democracy, and personal freedoms to many corners of the globe. The central question for the years ahead is, "Will the good fortune spread from the affluent minority to the poor majority?"
Fifty Years of Economics
Over the past two decades, there have been dramatic changes in both attitudes and in economic institutions. Dozens of countries have rejected socialist and collectivist approaches and adopted market systems. Strong economic growth has been experienced in countries as diverse as Ireland, Botswana, and the Philippines. At no time in recorded history have so many enjoyed such a sustained period of economic growth as they have during the Great Peace of the past half century.
You might think that prosperity would lead to a declining interest in economic affairs, but paradoxically, an understanding of the enduring truths of economics has become even more vital in the affairs of people and nations. The United States grappled with slow growth in living standards and large government budget deficits; but by the turn of the century budget deficits had turned to surpluses, productivity growth turned up, and real incomes were increasing at a healthy pace.
In the larger scene, the world has become increasingly interconnected as computers and communications create an ever-more-competitive global marketplace. Developing countries and countries like Russia and Poland, all of which are trying to develop the institutions of mature capitalism, need a firm understanding of the institutions of a market economy if they are to attain the living standards of the affluent. At the same time, there is growing concern about international environmental problems and the need to forge agreements to preserve our precious natural heritage. All these fascinating changes are part of the modern drama that we call economics.
Fifty Years of ECONOMICS
For more than half a century, this book has served as the standard bearer for the teaching of introductory economics in classrooms in America and throughout the world. Each new edition has distilled the best thinking of economists about how markets function and about what society can do to improve people's living standards. But economics has changed profoundly since the first edition of this text appeared in 1948. And because economics is above all a living and evolving organism, the need to keep Economics at the frontier in the rapidly evolving world economy affords the authors an exciting opportunity to present the latest thinking of modern economists and to show how the subject can contribute to a more prosperous world.
Our task then is this: We want to present a clear, accurate, and interesting introduction to the principles of modern economics and to the institutions of the American and world economies. Our primary goal is to survey economics, and in doing this we emphasize the basic economic principle that will endure beyond today's headlines.
THE SEVENTEENTH EDITION
Economics is a dynamic science - changing to reflect the shifting trends in economic affairs, in the environment, in the world economy, and in society at large. As economics and the world around it evolve, so does this book. These nine features differentiate this edition from other books:
1. The Core Truths of Economics.
Often, economics appears to be an endless procession of new puzzles, problems, and difficult dilemmas. But as experienced teachers have learned, there are a few basic concepts that underpin all of economics. Once these basic concepts have been mastered, learning is much quicker and more enjoyable. We have therefore chosen to focus on the central core of economics on those enduring truths that will be just as important in the twenty-first century as they were in the twentieth. Microeconomic concepts such as scarcity, efficiency, the gains from specialization, and the principle of comparative advantage will be crucial concepts as long as scarcity itself exists. And students of macroeconomics must receive a firm grounding in the concepts of aggregate supply and demand and must understand the role of national and international monies. Students will learn the widely accepted theory of economic growth, but they should also understand the controversial theories of the business cycle.
2. Innovation in the Economy.
One of the striking features of the modern economy is the rapidity of innovations in virtually every sector. We are accustomed to the dizzying speed of invention in computers, where new products and software appear monthly. The Internet is revolutionizing communications and making inroads into commerce. Nowhere in recorded history do we find such a rapid rate of improvement as has been seen for computers over the past three decades. But other sectors are also witnessing rapid innovation - we run in athletic equipment made of miraculous new materials and relax while listening to crystal-clear audio equipment. Our understanding of economic trends and policies must reflect this rapid change in our societies.
Economics is increasingly attentive to rapid innovation. In macroeconomics, new growth theories emphasize the importance of technology, invention, and human capital in the growth process. In microeconomics, we have included a new section on the economics of information, showing how externalities in the production of information and new technologies lead to market failures. And a case study of the economics of the Internet explores the dilemmas of pricing information.
3. Innovation in Economics.
In addition, we emphasize innovations in economics itself. Economists are tinkerers, innovators, and inventors in their own way. History shows that economic ideas can produce tidal waves when they are applied to real-world problems. Among the important innovations studied here is the application of economics to our environmental problems through "emissions trading" plans. Other important economic innovations discussed are improved regulatory mechanisms and the radical new step of European monetary unification. One of the most influential economic innovations of the last few years involves the measurement of consumer prices. We introduce the important notion of "network economics" and show how it affects economic efficiency and market power, and how it has entered into the debate about breaking up Microsoft. One of the most important innovations for our common future is dealing with global public goods like climate change, and we analyze new approaches to dealing with international environmental problems such as the Kyoto Protocol.
4. Small Is Beautiful.
Economics has increased its scope greatly over the past half-century. The flag of economics flies over its traditional territory of the marketplace, but it also covers the environment, legal studies, statistical and historical methods, art, gender and racial discrimination, and even family life. But at its core, economics is the science of choice, which means that we as authors, have to choose the most important and enduring issues for this text. In a survey, as in a meal, small is beautiful because it is digestible.
Choosing the subjects for this text required many hard choices. To select these topics, we continually survey teachers and leading scholars to determine the ones most crucial for an informed citizenry and a new generation of economists. We drew up a list of key ideas and bid adieu to many appendices and sections. At every stage, we asked whether the material was, as best we could predict, necessary for a student's understanding of the economics of the twenty-first century. Only when a subject passed this test was it included. The result of this campaign is a book that has lost more than one-quarter of its weight in the last two editions. Farming, labor unions, and Marxian economics have been trimmed to make room for environmental economics, network economics, and real business cycles.
5. Policy Issues at Century's Dawn.
Each generation of economists finds new challenges to contend with in the attempt to understand evolving economic policy problems. Two areas that have been at the forefront of economics in the past decade have received expanded treatment in the seventeenth edition. As human societies grow, they begin to overwhelm the environment and ecosystems of the natural world. Environmental economics, presented in Chapter 18, helps students understand the externalities associated with economic activity and analyzes different approaches to making human economies compatible with natural systems. A second important area is international economics. We have completely reorganized our treatment of international economics by integrating the theory of comparative advantage into the microeconomics sections while reorganizing and restructuring the macroeconomic sections. The new organization will allow students to get an appreciation of the global economy at an earlier stage in their studies.
6. The Incredible Shrinking Globe.
A century ago, the leading military strategist of the age, Captain A. T. Mahan, declared in his important book The Influence of Sea Power on History, "Whether they will or no, Americans must now begin to look outward." President William Jefferson Clinton echoed these words when he wrote about economic affairs, "There is simply no way to close our borders and return to the insular days. To try to do so would be an exercise in futility, doomed not only to fail but to lower living standards in the process." Americans are learning that no nation is an island. Immigration and international trade have profound effects on the goods that are available, the prices we pay, and the wages we earn. Labor economists have found that the surge of uneducated immigrants over the last two decades has been an important contributor to the declining real wages of unskilled workers. Development economists have found striking results regarding the impact of economic openness on economic growth. No complete understanding of modern economics is possible without a thorough grounding in the world economy. The seventeenth edition continues to increase the material devoted to international economics and the interaction between international trade and domestic economic events.
7. Advances in Modern Macroeconomics.
One of the major obstacles to understanding modern economics is the proliferation of contesting schools of macroeconomics. Teachers often wonder how students can understand the subject when macroeconomists themselves are so divided. While many fret about the divisiveness of modern macroeconomics, we think it is a sign of health and prefer lively debate to complacent consensus.
The seventeenth edition analyzes all major schools of modern macroeconomics within the clear organizing synthesis of aggregate supply and demand. We show how macroeconomics of the Keynesian, old and new classical, supply-side, and monetarist varieties can be understood as emphasizing different aspects of expectations, market clearing, and aggregate demand. Each school is clearly presented and compared with its competitors in a balanced and evenhanded way. For each, the empirical evidence is presented and evaluated. The major schools are presented in a chapter on "The Warring Schools of Macroeconomics." But we also emphasize the importance of the policy implications of the different approaches. And we also have reorganized and integrated the open-economy issues into the core chapters.
Although much macroeconomic combat is devoted to arguing about the sources of the business cycle, one of the major recent developments in economics has been the resurgence of attention to the forces underlying long-run economic growth. Economists are increasingly examining the determinants of long-run economic growth, the slowdown and recent rebound in productivity growth, and the generation of innovation and new technological knowledge. Putting economic growth front and center is necessary if students are to understand modern debates about the role of government debt and deficits. The seventeenth edition reflects this revival by synthesizing growth theories and findings into the central section on macroeconomics. We include growth theory as an integral part of aggregate supply and potential output and have revised and moved the chapter on economic development to follow the material on economic growth theory.
8. Emphasis on History and Policy.
Students study economics to understand the rapidly changing world around them. For this reason, economics is at its core an empirical science. It first aims to explain the world around us and then helps us devise economic policies, based on sound economic principles, that can enhance the living standards of people at home and abroad.
Drawing upon history, economic chronicles, and the experience of the authors, the seventeenth edition continues to emphasize the use of case studies and empirical evidence to illustrate economic theories. The dilemmas involved in combating poverty become real when we understand the 1996 welfare reforms or the problems of the current health-care system. Our appreciation of macroeconomic analysis increases when we see government deficits in the 1980s lowered national saving and how the current budget surpluses are increasing national saving. Macroeconomics can help explain the American economic miracle of the late 1990s.
The microeconomic chapters draw upon case studies, economic history, business decisions, and real-world experience to illustrate the fundamental principles. Examples such as the network economics, the Microsoft antitrust case, the flat tax, and the Kyoto Protocol on global warming, economics of addictive substances, the minimum-wage debate, trading pollution permits, and the history of stock markets help bring the theorems of microeconomics to life. Game theory becomes serious - and has striking implications - when applied to pollution or winner-take-all games.
This "hands-on" approach to economics allows students to understand better the relevance of economic analysis to real-world problems. The abstract notion of scarcity becomes concrete when we see its implications for whether we have a good job, a healthy environment, adequate health care, and a secure nest egg for our retirement.
9. Clarity.
Although there are many new features in the seventeenth edition, the pole star for our pilgrimage in preparing this edition has been to present economics clearly and simply. Students enter the classroom with a wide range of backgrounds and with many preconceptions about the way the world works. Our role is not to change their values, but to get them to understand the enduring economic principles and then to be able to apply them to make the world a better place for them, their families, and their communities. Nothing aids understanding better than clear, simple exposition. We have labored over every page to improve this survey of introductory economics. We have received thousands of comments and suggestions from teachers and students and have incorporated their counsel in the seventeenth edition.
Optional Matter
Economics courses range from one-quarter surveys to year-long intensive honors courses. This textbook has been carefully designed to meet all situations. The more advanced materials have been put in separate appendices or specially designated sections. These will appeal to curious students and to students in demanding courses that survey the entire discipline thoroughly. We have included advanced questions for discussion to test the mettle of the most dedicated student.
If yours is a fast-paced course, you will appreciate the careful layering of the more advanced material. Hard-pressed courses can skip the advanced sections, covering the core of economic analysis without losing the thread of the economic reasoning. This book will challenge the most advanced young scholar. Indeed, many of today's leading economists have written to say they've relied upon Economics all along their pilgrimage to the Ph.D.
Format
The seventeenth edition employs a greatly expanded set of in-text logos and material to help illustrate the central topics. You will find three distinctive logos: warnings for the fledgling economist, examples of economics in action, and biographical material on the great economists of the past and present. But these central topics are not drifting off by themselves in unattached boxes. Rather, they are integrated right into the chapter so that students can read them without breaking their train of thought.
Table of Contents
Preface
Economics and the Internet
PART ONE: BASIC CONCEPTS
Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of Economics
Appendix 1: How to Read Graphs
Chapter 2: Markets and Government in a Modern Economy
Chapter 3: Basic Elements of Supply and Demand
PART TWO: MICROECONOMICS: SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND PRODUCT MARKETS
Chapter 4: Applications of Supply and Demand
Chapter 5: Demand and Consumer Behavior
Appendix 5: Geometrical Analysis of Consumer Equilibrium
Chapter 6: Production and Business Organization
Chapter 7: Analysis of Costs
Appendix 7: Production, Cost Theory, and Decisions of the Firm
Chapter 8: Analysis of Perfectly Competitive Markets
Chapter 9: Imperfect Competition and Its Polar Case of Monopoly
Chapter 10: Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competition
Chapter 11: Uncertainty and Game Theory
PART THREE: FACTOR MARKETS: LAND, LABOR, CAPITAL, AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION
Chapter 12: How Markets Determine Incomes
Chapter 13: The Labor Market
Chapter 14: Land and Capital
Appendix 14: Markets and Economic Efficiency
PART FOUR: APPLIED MICROECONOMICS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, GOVERNMENT, AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 15: Comparative Advantage and Protectionism
Chapter 16: Government Taxation and Expenditure
Chapter 17: Promoting More Efficient Markets
Chapter 18: Protecting the Environment
Chapter 19: Efficiency vs. Equality: The Big Tradeoff
PART FIVE: MACROECONOMICS: THE STUDY OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND BUSINESS CYCLES
Chapter 20: Overview of Macroeconomics
Appendix 20: Macroeconomic Data
Chapter 21: Measuring Economic Activity
Chapter 22: Consumption and Investment
Chapter 23: Business Fluctuations and the Theory of Aggregate Demand
Chapter 24: The Multiplier Model
Chapter 25: Money, Banking, and Financial Markets
Chapter 26: Central Banking and Monetary Policy
PART SIX: ECONOMIC GROWTH AND MACROECONOMIC POLICY
Chapter 27: The Process of Economic Growth
Chapter 28: The Challenge of Economic Development
Chapter 29: Exchange Rates and the International Financial System
Chapter 30: Open-Economy Macroeconomics
PART SEVEN: UNEMPLOYMENT, INFLATION, AND ECONOMIC POLICY
Chapter 31: Unemployment and the Foundations of Aggregate Supply
Chapter 32: Ensuring Price Stability
Chapter 33: The Warring Schools of Macroeconomics
Chapter 34: Policies for Growth and Stability
Valediction
Glossary of Terms
Index
http://www.mhhe.com/economics/samuelson17/book/preface.mhtml
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札记：一本影响世界的经济学教科书
2009年12月14日 17:12:46 来源：新华网
新华社记者刘丽娜
美国经济学泰斗保罗·萨缪尔森１３日辞世，享年９４岁。这位享誉全球的学者最为人知的是其３３岁时出版的一部经典教科书——《经济学》。
与许多身处争议当中的经济学家不同，萨缪尔森在半个世纪前就奠定了在经济学界的显著地位。伴随世界经济的发展演变，其经济学研究的闪光之处，更得到世人的普遍认可。
从１９４８年问世以来，萨缪尔森的巨著《经济学》被译成４０余种文字，修订１９版，全球销量上千万册，６０余年来成为许多国家和地区经济研究、规划的理论根据，到现在也是多国高等学校专业必读教材，是世界各国经济学人探求现代经济学理论的“通行要道”。
实际上，萨缪尔森的著述与贡献远不止于此。他著作与教授广泛，涵盖国际贸易与计量经济、经济理论与景气循环、人口学与劳动经济学、财务金融与独占性竞争等等。
对于世界，萨缪尔森的历史功绩在于经济学基础理论与方法论的贡献。他的开创式理论打破了他所处时代的思维模式，其分析方法成为大学本科课程的标准，为人类认识自我和探究世界提供了新的思想利器，影响了人们看世界的方式。１９７０年，萨缪尔森在设立诺贝尔经济学奖的第二年就获此殊荣，成为美国第一位诺贝尔经济学奖得主。诺贝尔奖委员会认为“与其他当代的经济学家不同，萨缪尔森的贡献推动了经济学总体分析和方法论水平的提高。实际上他是改写了相当一部分经济理论”。
在萨缪尔森看来，世人认为艰苦枯燥的经济分析“是游戏而非工作”，“在学术与科学的领域中，我所看重的报酬是能穿梭于神秘的森林中进行奇妙的探索”，“无论何时，我都力求让自己快乐”。这种快乐来源于他年轻时就抱定的信念——学者为自尊而奋斗，它源于人类探求客观真理的永恒动力。撰写教科书是项困难的工作，但“与整个时代成千上万的心灵接触，是学者一生难逢的际遇”。
但这位被称为“经济学界最后一位通才”的人也并非了无遗憾。过去的两年，国际金融危机的爆发使宏观经济学这一学科受到巨大挑战。繁多的议题与疑问萦绕在萨缪尔森生命的最后一刻。直到目前，经济学家尚未对什么才是解决危机的最佳途径找出答案。信奉市场均衡的理论与相信政府干预的凯恩斯主义仍在激烈交锋。上世纪３０年代的“大萧条”是萨缪尔森经济学理论的重要灵感源泉。经过几十年的“大稳健”，最近的“大衰退”对经济学理论再次形成巨震。在求解未来危机防范的高难方程当中，世界期待着新的智慧贡献。
http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2009-12/14/content_12645764.htm
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-415-278746.html
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