|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| FLUID CHARACTERISTICS | (A) |
|
|
| What is a fluid? （此条链接失效） | (Aa) |
|
|
| Fluid properties | (Ab) |
|
|
|
| Pressure |
| (Aba) |
|
|
| Density |
| (Abb) |
|
|
| Compressibility |
| (Abc) |
|
|
| Viscosity |
| (Abd) |
|
|
| Surface Tension |
| (Ck) |
|
|
| Contact Angle |
| (Cn) |
|
| Thermodynamics | (Ac) |
|
|
|
| Thermodynamic Variables |
| (Aca) |
|
|
| Systems and Energies |
| (Acb) |
|
|
| Thermodynamic Laws |
| (Acc) |
|
|
| Perfect Gas |
| (Acd) |
|
|
| Saturated Vapor/Liquid Properties |
| (Ace) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| References |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| FLUID STATICS | (C) |
|
|
| Pressure | (Ca) |
|
|
| Fluid statics | (Cb) |
|
|
| Oceans at rest | (Cc) |
|
|
| Manometers | (Cd) |
|
|
| Atmospheres | (Ce) |
|
|
| Fluid static forces | (Cf) |
|
|
| Archimedes Principle | (Cg) |
|
|
| Stability of a submerged body | (Ch) |
|
|
| Archimedes Principle for a floating body | (Ci) |
|
|
| Stability of a floating body | (Cj) |
|
|
| Surface Tension | (Ck) |
|
|
| Pressure differences due to Surface Tension | (Cm) |
|
|
| Contact Angle | (Cn) |
|
|
| Meniscus | (Cp) |
|
|
| Capillarity | (Cq) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| References |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| BASIC FLUID DYNAMICS | (B) |
|
|
| Descriptions of Fluid Motion | (Ba) |
|
|
|
| Descriptions of Fluid Motions |
| (Baa) |
|
|
| Fluid Accelerations |
| (Bab) |
|
|
| Steady Flow |
| (Bac) |
|
|
| Derivation of the Relation between the Time Derivatives |
| (Bad) |
|
|
| Transport Thereom |
| (Bae) |
|
| Kinematics of Fluid Motion | (Bb) |
|
|
|
| Kinematics of Fluid Motions |
| (Bba) |
|
|
| Illustration of Fluid Deformation |
| (Bbb) |
|
| Conservation of Mass | (Bc) |
|
|
|
| Conservation of Mass |
| (Bca) |
|
|
| Control Volume |
| (Bcb) |
|
|
| Macroscopic form of Continuity |
| (Bcc) |
|
|
| Differential form of Continuity |
| (Bcd) |
|
|
| Continuity equation in various coordinate systems |
| (Bce) |
|
|
| Integral form of Continuity |
| (Bcf) |
|
|
| Streamlines, Pathlines and Streaklines |
| (Bcg) |
|
|
| Streamfunction |
| (Bch) |
|
|
| Examples of streamfunctions |
| (Bcj) |
|
| Newton's Law | (Bd) |
|
|
|
| Newton's Law of Motion |
| (Bda) |
|
|
| Euler's Equations of Motion |
| (Bdb) |
|
|
| Euler's Equations of Motion in Other Coordinates |
| (Bdc) |
|
|
| Vorticity |
| (Bdd) |
|
|
| Circulation |
| (Bde) |
|
|
| Kelvin's Theorem |
| (Bdj) |
|
|
| Velocity Potential |
| (Bdf) |
|
|
| Bernoulli's Equation |
| (Bdg) |
|
|
| Energy Implications of Bernoulli's Equation |
| (Bdh) |
|
| Momentum Theorem | (Be) |
|
|
|
| Linear Momentum Theorem |
| (Bea) |
|
|
| Example: Arbitrary Duct |
| (Beb) |
|
|
| Example: Fire Hose Nozzle |
| (Bec ) |
|
|
| Example: Fire Hose with Bend |
| (Bed) |
|
|
| Connection between drag and a wake |
| (Bee) |
|
|
| Jet Engine |
| (Bef) |
|
|
| Rocket Engine |
| (Beg) |
|
|
| Angular Momentum Theorem |
| (Beh) |
|
|
| Example: Pump or Turbine |
| (Bei) |
|
| Steady one-dimensional internal flows | (Bf) |
|
|
|
| Hydraulic System Analysis |
| (Bfa) |
|
|
| Viscous Losses in Incompressible Fluid Flows |
| (Bfb) |
|
|
| Viscous losses in pipes |
| (Bfc) |
|
|
| Viscous Losses in Fittings |
| (Bfd) |
|
|
| Diffusers and Nozzles |
| (Bfe) |
|
|
| Incompressible Flows with External Energy Exchange |
| (Bff) |
|
|
| Pumps and Turbines |
| (Bfg) |
|
|
| Turbomachine Design |
| (Bfh) |
|
|
| Turbomachine Performance |
| (Bfi) |
|
| Unsteady one-dimensional internal flows | (Bn) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Bna) |
|
|
| System Analysis |
| (Bnb) |
|
|
| Quasistatic Stability Analysis |
| (Bnc) |
|
|
|
| Quasistatic Stability Analyses |
|
| (Bnca) |
|
|
| Turbomachine Surge |
|
| (Bncb) |
|
|
| Ledinegg Instability |
|
| (Bncc) |
|
|
| Geyser Instability |
|
| (Bncd) |
|
| Unsteady Bernoulli Equation |
| (Bnd) |
|
|
|
| Unsteady Bernoulli Equation for a Pipe |
|
| (Bnda) |
|
|
| Manometer Oscillations |
|
| (Bndb) |
|
| Dynamic Instabilities |
| (Bne) |
|
|
|
| Dynamic Instabilities |
|
| (Bnea) |
|
|
| Cavitation Surge of Cavitating Pumps |
|
| (Bneb) |
|
|
| Condensation Oscillations and Chugging |
|
| (Bnec) |
|
| Time Domain Methods |
| (Bnf) |
|
|
|
| Time Domain Methods |
|
| (Bnfa) |
|
|
| Wave Propagation in Ducts |
|
| (Bnfb) |
|
|
| Method of Characteristics |
|
| (Bnfc) |
|
|
| Turbomachine Dynamics |
|
| (Bnfd) |
|
| Frequency Domain Methods |
| (Bng) |
|
|
|
| Frequency Domain Methods |
|
| (Bnga) |
|
|
| System with Rigid Body Vibration |
|
| (Bngk) |
|
|
| Order of the System |
|
| (Bngb) |
|
|
| Transfer Matrices |
|
| (Bngc) |
|
|
| Distributed Systems |
|
| (Bngd) |
|
|
| Combinations of Transfer Matrices |
|
| (Bnge) |
|
|
| Properties of Transfer Matrices |
|
| (Bngf) |
|
|
| Measurement of Transfer Matrices |
|
| (Bngl) |
|
|
| Some Simple Transfer Matrices |
|
| (Bngg) |
|
|
| Fluctuation Energy Flux |
|
| (Bngh) |
|
|
| Non-Cavitating Pumps |
|
| (Bngi) |
|
|
| Cavitating Inducers |
|
| (Bngj) |
|
|
| Cavitating Turbine |
|
| (Bngm) |
|
|
| Cavitating Propeller |
|
| (Bngn) |
| Incompressible, Inviscid, Irrotational Flow | (Bg) |
|
|
|
| Potential Flow |
| (Bga) |
|
|
| Methods of Solution of Laplace's Equation |
| (Bgb) |
|
|
| Gravity Waves on a Liquid Surface |
| (Bgc) |
|
|
|
| Separation of Variables (Cartesian) |
|
| (Bgca) |
|
|
| Gravity Wave Boundary Conditions |
|
| (Bgcb) |
|
|
| Gravity Waves on an Infinitely Deep Ocean |
|
| (Bgcc) |
|
|
| Gravity Waves on an Finite-Depth Ocean |
|
| (Bgcd) |
|
|
| Standing Gravity Waves |
|
| (Bgce) |
|
|
| Gravity Waves at Vertical Boundaries |
|
| (Bgcf) |
|
| Fundamental Singularities |
| (Bgd) |
|
|
|
| Separation of Variables in Polar Coordinates |
|
| (Bgda) |
|
|
| Solution to Potential Flow in Polar Coordinates |
|
| (Bgdb) |
|
|
| The Free Vortex |
|
| (Bgdc) |
|
|
| Sources and Sinks |
|
| (Bgdd) |
|
|
| Planar Rankine Half-Bodies |
|
| (Bgde) |
|
|
| Planar Doublet |
|
| (Bgdf) |
|
|
| Planar Rankine Body |
|
| (Bgdg) |
|
|
| Potential Flow around a Cylinder |
|
| (Bgdh) |
|
|
| Cylinder with Circulation in a Uniform Stream |
|
| (Bgdi) |
|
|
| Lift and Drag in Potential Flow |
|
| (Bgdj) |
|
|
| Kelvin Ovals |
|
| (Bgdk) |
|
|
| Vortex Sheets |
|
| (Bgdl) |
|
|
| Images and Walls |
|
| (Bgdm) |
|
|
| Point Singularities |
|
| (Bgdn) |
|
| Methods of Complex Variables |
| (Bge) |
|
|
|
| Cauchy-Riemann Equations |
|
| (Bgea) |
|
|
| Complex Variables for Planar Potential Flows |
|
| (Bgeb) |
|
|
| Conformal Mapping |
|
| (Bgec) |
|
|
| Joukowski Airfoils |
|
| (Bged) |
|
|
| Flat Plate at an Angle of Attack |
|
| (Bgee) |
|
| Axisymmetric Flow |
| (Bgf) |
|
|
|
| Axisymmetric Flow |
|
| (Bgfa) |
|
|
| Axisymmetric Flow without Swirl |
|
| (Bgfb) |
|
|
| Axisymmetric Flow with Swirl |
|
| (Bgfc) |
| General Equations of Motion | (Bh) |
|
|
|
| Stress Tensor |
| (Bha) |
|
|
| Equations of Motion in terms of Stress |
| (Bhb) |
|
|
| Constitutive Laws |
| (Bhc) |
|
|
| Constitutive Laws in Cylindrical Coordinates |
| (Bhd) |
|
|
| Constitutive Laws in Spherical Coordinates |
| (Bhe) |
|
|
| Navier-Stokes Equations |
| (Bhf) |
|
|
| Navier-Stokes Equations in Cylindrical Coordinates |
| (Bhg) |
|
|
| Navier-Stokes Equations in Spherical Coordinates |
| (Bhh) |
|
|
| Vorticity Transport Equation |
| (Bhi) |
|
| Exact Solutions to Navier-Stokes Equations | (Bi) |
|
|
|
| Introduction to Exact Solutions of Navier-Stokes Equations |
| (Bia) |
|
|
| Couette and Planar Poiseuille Flow |
| (Bib) |
|
|
| Poiseuille Flow |
| (Bic) |
|
|
| Radial Flow |
| (Bid) |
|
|
| Vortex Flow |
| (Bie) |
|
|
| Rayleigh and Ekman Flow |
| (Bif) |
|
|
| Laminar Round Jet |
| (Big) |
|
|
| Category 2 Solutions |
| (Bih) |
|
| Boundary Layer Flows | (Bj) |
|
|
|
| Introduction to Boundary Layer Flows |
| (Bja) |
|
|
| Laminar Boundary Layer Equations |
| (Bjb) |
|
|
| Exact Solutions to Laminar Boundary Layer Equations |
| (Bjc) |
|
|
| Blasius Solution |
| (Bjd) |
|
|
| Falkner-Skan Solutions |
| (Bje) |
|
|
| Thicknesses and Surface Stress |
| (Bjf) |
|
|
| Development of Laminar Boundary Layers |
| (Bjg) |
|
|
| Karman Momentum Integral Equation |
| (Bjh) |
|
|
| Approximate Methods |
| (Bji) |
|
|
| Effect of Suction |
| (Bjj) |
|
| Turbulence | (Bk) |
|
|
|
| Introduction to Turbulence |
| (Bka) |
|
|
| The Development of Turbulence |
| (Bkb) |
|
|
| Linear Stability Analyses |
| (Bkc) |
|
|
| Stability of Parallel Flows |
| (Bkd) |
|
|
| Amplification of Disturbances |
| (Bke) |
|
|
| Turbulence Spectra and Scales |
| (Bkf) |
|
|
| Reynolds Stresses |
| (Bkg) |
|
|
| Computing Turbulent Flows |
| (Bkn) |
|
|
| Turbulence Models |
| (Bkh) |
|
|
| Turbulent Couette Flow |
| (Bki) |
|
|
| Law of the Wall |
| (Bkj) |
|
|
| Turbulent Pipe Flows |
| (Bkl) |
|
|
| Rough Pipe Flows |
| (Bkm) |
|
|
| Turbulent Boundary Layers |
| (Bkk) |
|
| Stokes Flow | (Bl) |
|
|
|
| Introduction to Stokes Flow |
| (Bla) |
|
|
| Equations of Stokes Flow |
| (Blb) |
|
|
| Singularities |
| (Blc) |
|
|
| Slender Body Theory |
| (Bld) |
|
|
| Resistive Force Theory |
| (Ble) |
|
|
| Planar Flow |
| (Blf) |
|
|
| Axisymmetric Flow |
| (Blg) |
|
| Unsteady Flows | (Bm) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Bma) |
|
|
| Added Mass |
| (Bmb) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
|
| (Bmba) |
|
|
| Added Mass Matrix |
|
| (Bmbb) |
|
|
| Fluid Acceleration far from the Body |
|
| (Bmbc) |
|
|
| Values of the Added Mass |
|
| (Bmbd) |
|
|
| Added Mass for Joukowski Airfoils |
|
| (Bmbe) |
|
|
| Additional Effects on the Added Mass |
|
| (Bmbf) |
|
| Vortex Shedding |
| (Bmc) |
|
| Compressible Flow | (Bo) |
|
|
|
| Prelimaries for Compressible Flow |
| (Boa) |
|
|
| One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow |
| (Bob) |
|
|
| Energy Equation |
| (Boc) |
|
|
| Speed of Sound |
| (Bod) |
|
|
| Isentropic Duct Flows |
| (Boe) |
|
|
| Choked Flow |
| (Bof) |
|
|
| Effect of Friction in Duct Flows |
| (Bog) |
|
|
| Shock Waves |
| (Boh) |
|
|
| Rocket Engines |
| (Boi) |
|
|
| Two-dimensional Flows |
| (Boj) |
|
|
| Planar Supersonic Flows for Small Turn Angles |
| (Bok) |
|
|
| Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan |
| (Bol) |
|
|
| Oblique Shock Wave |
| (Bom) |
|
|
| Compressible Potential Flow |
| (Bon) |
|
|
| Supersonic Potential Flow |
| (Boo) |
|
|
| Prandtl-Glauert Mapping |
| (Bop) |
|
| Open Channel Flow | (Bp) |
|
|
|
| Introduction to Open Channel Flows |
| (Bpa) |
|
|
| Gravity Waves Boundary Conditions |
| (Bgcb) |
|
|
| Gravity Waves on an Infinitely Deep Ocean |
| (Bgcc) |
|
|
| Gravity Waves on an Finite-Depth Ocean |
| (Bgcd) |
|
|
| Standing Waves |
| (Bgce) |
|
|
| Gravity Waves at Vertical Boundaries |
| (Bgcf) |
|
|
| Finite Amplitude Waves |
| (Bpb) |
|
|
| Hydraulic Jumps |
| (Bpc) |
|
|
| Frictionless Flow |
| (Bpd) |
|
|
| The Effect of Friction |
| (Bpe) |
|
|
| The Shallow Water Wave Equations |
| (Bpf) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| References |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| EXTERNAL FLOWS AROUND OBJECTS | (D) |
|
|
| Introduction to External Flows | (Da) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Daa) |
|
|
| Forces on Objects |
| (Dab) |
|
| Drag | (Db) |
|
|
|
| Introduction to Drag |
| (Dba) |
|
|
| Relation between drag and the wake |
| (Dbb) |
|
|
| Drag on a sphere or cylinder |
| (Dbc) |
|
|
| Vortex generators |
| (Dbd) |
|
|
| Form Drag |
| (Dbe) |
|
|
| Skin Friction Drag |
| (Dbf) |
|
|
| Wave Drag |
| (Dbg) |
|
|
| Effects of Rotation |
| (Dbh) |
|
| Lift | (Dc) |
|
|
|
| Introduction to Lift |
| (Dca) |
|
|
| Magnus Effect |
| (Dcb) |
|
|
| General Relation between Lift and the Circulation |
| (Dcc) |
|
|
| Effects of Rotation |
| (Dch) |
|
|
| The Flat Plate Airfoil |
| (Dcd) |
|
|
| Planar Airfoil Performance |
| (Dce) |
|
|
| Finite Span Performance |
| (Dcf) |
|
|
| Aircraft Flight |
| (Dcg) |
|
| Propulsion | (Dd) |
|
|
|
| Introduction to Propulsion |
| (Dda) |
|
|
| Drag Propulsion |
| (Ddb) |
|
|
| Propulsion Efficiency |
| (Ddc) |
|
|
| Propeller Propulsion |
| (Ddd) |
|
|
| Jet Propulsion |
| (Dde) |
|
|
| Rocket Propulsion |
| (Ddf) |
|
| Vortex Shedding | (De) |
|
|
|
| Introduction to Vortex Shedding |
| (Dea) |
|
| Animal Locomotion | (Df) |
|
|
|
| Introduction to Animal Locomotion |
| (Dfa) |
|
|
| High Reynolds Number Locomotion |
| (Dfb) |
|
|
| Fish Locomotion |
| (Dfd) |
|
|
| Fish Swimming Videos |
|
|
|
|
| Bird Flight |
| (Dfe) |
|
|
| Low Reynolds Number Locomotion |
| (Dfc) |
|
|
| Prokaryotic Locomotion |
| (Dff) |
|
|
| Flagellar Locomotion |
| (Dfg) |
|
|
| Flagella Videos |
|
|
|
|
| Ciliary Propulsion |
| (Dfh) |
|
|
| Cilia Videos |
|
|
|
|
| Internal flows and Mucus Propulsion |
| (Dfi) |
|
|
| Mucus Videos |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| References |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENT | (K) |
|
|
| Preparation for Experiments | (Ka) |
|
|
| Design of Experiments | (Kb) |
|
|
| Experimental Techniques | (Kc) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Kca) |
|
|
| Auto- and Cross-Correlation |
| (Kcb) |
|
|
| Least Squares Fits |
| (Kcc) |
|
| Instrumentation | (Kd) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Kda) |
|
|
| Flow Visualization |
| (Kdb) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
|
| (Kdba) |
|
|
| Flow Tracers |
|
| (Kdbb) |
|
|
| Particle Image Velocimetry |
|
| (Kdbc) |
|
|
| Optical Techniques |
|
| (Kdbd) |
|
| Flow Rate and Velocity |
| (Kdc) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
|
| (Kdca) |
|
|
| Measurements using Bernoulli's Equation |
|
| (Kdcb) |
|
|
| Electromagnetic Flow Meters |
|
| (Kdcc) |
|
|
| Laser Velocimetry |
|
| (Kdcd) |
|
|
| Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry |
|
| (Kdce) |
|
|
| Vortex Shedding Flowmeter |
|
| (Kdcf) |
|
| Pressure, Stresses and Sound |
| (Kdd) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
|
| (Kdda) |
|
|
| Manometers |
|
| (Kddb) |
|
|
| Strain Gauges |
|
| (Kddc) |
|
|
| Pressure Transducers |
|
| (Kddd) |
|
|
| Acoustic Pressures |
|
| (Kdde) |
|
| Forces |
| (Kde) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
|
| (Kdea) |
|
|
| Force Balances |
|
| (Kdeb) |
|
| Acceleration and Vibration |
| (Kdf) |
|
|
| Other Fluid Measurements |
| (Kdg) |
|
| Some Facilities | (Ke) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Kea) |
|
|
| Wind Tunnels |
| (Keb) |
|
|
| Water Tunnels |
| (Kec) |
|
|
| Towing Tanks |
| (Ked) |
|
|
| Model Basins |
| (Kee) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| References |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| FLUID MACHINERY | (M) |
|
|
| Introduction | (Ma) |
|
|
|
| Introduction to Fluid Machinery |
| (Maa) |
|
|
| Turbomachines |
|
| (Mac) |
|
|
| Cavitation |
|
| (Mad) |
|
|
| Unsteady Flows |
|
| (Mae) |
|
| Pumps | (Mb) |
|
|
|
| Introduction to Pumps |
| (Mba) |
|
|
| Types of Pumps |
| (Mbg) |
|
|
| Fluid Mechanics of Centrifugal and Axial Flow Pumps |
| (Mbb) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
|
| (Mbbk) |
|
|
| Geometric Notation |
|
| (Mbba) |
|
|
| Cascades |
|
| (Mbbb) |
|
|
| Flow Notation |
|
| (Mbbc) |
|
|
| Specific Speed |
|
| (Mbbd) |
|
|
| Pump Geometries |
|
| (Mbbe) |
|
|
| Energy Balance |
|
| (Mbbf) |
|
|
| Idealized Non-cavitating Pump Performance |
|
| (Mbbg) |
|
|
| Four-quadrant Performance |
|
| (Mbbj) |
|
|
| Pumps in Parallel |
|
| (Mbbh) |
|
|
| Pumps in Series |
|
| (Mbbk) |
|
| Two-dimensional Performance Analysis |
| (Mbc) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
|
| (Mbca) |
|
|
| Linear Cascade Analyses |
|
| (Mbcb) |
|
|
| Deviation Angle |
|
| (Mbcc) |
|
|
| Viscous Effects in Linear Cascades |
|
| (Mbcd) |
|
|
| Radial Cascade Analyses |
|
| (Mbce) |
|
|
| Viscous Effects in Radial Flows |
|
| (Mbcf) |
|
| Other Flow Features |
| (Mbd) |
|
|
|
| Three-Dimensional Flow Effects |
|
| (Mbdb) |
|
|
| Radial Equilibrium Example |
|
| (Mbdc) |
|
|
| Discharge Flow Management |
|
| (Mbdd) |
|
|
| Prerotation |
|
| (Mbde) |
|
|
| Other Secondary Flows |
|
| (Mbdf) |
|
| Jet Pumps |
| (Mbh) |
|
|
| Compressors |
| (Mbi) |
|
|
| Positive Displacement Pumps |
| (Mbj) |
|
|
| Cavitation |
| (Mbe) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
|
| (Mbea) |
|
|
| Cavitation Parameters |
|
| (Mbeb) |
|
|
| Cavitation Inception |
|
| (Mbec) |
|
|
| Scaling of Cavitation Inception |
|
| (Mbed) |
|
|
| Pump Performance |
|
| (Mbee) |
|
|
| Types of Impeller Cavitation |
|
| (Mbef) |
|
|
| Cavitation Inception Data |
|
| (Mbeg) |
|
|
| Cavitation Bubble Dynamics |
|
| (Mbew) |
|
|
| Cavitation Damage |
|
| (Mbeh) |
|
|
| Mechanism of Cavitation Damage |
|
| (Mbex) |
|
|
| Cavitation Noise |
|
| (Mbei) |
|
|
| Cavitating Pump Performance |
|
| (Mbej) |
|
|
| Inducer Designs |
|
| (Mbem) |
|
|
| Inducer Performance |
|
| (Mben) |
|
|
| Effects of Inducer Geometry |
|
| (Mbep) |
|
|
| Analyses of Cavitation in Pumps |
|
| (Mbeq) |
|
|
| Thermal Effect on Pump Performance |
|
| (Mber) |
|
|
| Free Streamline Methods |
|
| (Mbes) |
|
|
| Supercavitating Cascades |
|
| (Mbet) |
|
|
| Partially Cavitating Cascades |
|
| (Mbeu) |
|
|
| Cavitation Performance Correlations |
|
| (Mbev) |
|
|
| Inducer Cavitation Videos |
|
|
|
|
|
| Pump Cavitation Videos |
|
|
|
|
| Pump Vibration |
| (Mbf) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
|
| (Mbfa) |
|
|
| Frequencies of Oscillation |
|
| (Mbfb) |
|
|
| Unsteady Flows |
|
| (Mbfc) |
|
|
| Rotating Stall |
|
| (Mbfd) |
|
|
| Rotating Cavitation |
|
| (Mbfe) |
|
|
| Surge |
|
| (Mbff) |
|
|
| Auto-oscillation |
|
| (Mbfg) |
|
|
| Rotor-Stator Interaction: Flow Patterns |
|
| (Mbfh) |
|
|
| Rotor-Stator Interaction: Forces |
|
| (Mbfi) |
|
|
| Developed Cavity Oscillation |
|
| (Mbfj) |
|
|
| Acoustic Resonances |
|
| (Mbfk) |
|
|
| Blade Flutter |
|
| (Mbfm) |
|
|
| Pogo Instabilities |
|
| (Mbfn) |
| Turbines | (Md) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Mda) |
|
|
| Types of Turbines |
| (Mdb) |
|
|
| Pelton Wheel |
| (Mdc) |
|
|
| Impulse and Reaction Turbines |
| (Mdd) |
|
|
| Basic Fluid Mechanics of Turbines |
| (Mde) |
|
|
| Two-dimensional Analyses |
| (Mdi) |
|
|
| Reaction Turbines |
| (Mdj) |
|
|
| Propeller and Kaplan Turbines |
| (Mdf) |
|
|
| Francis Turbine |
| (Mdg) |
|
|
| Cavitation in Turbines |
| (Mdh) |
|
| Fluid Couplings | (Me) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Mea) |
|
|
| Performance Analysis |
| (Meb) |
|
|
| Reversible Fluid Coupling |
| (Mec) |
|
| Rotordynamics of Fluid Machinery | (Mc) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Mca) |
|
|
| Notation |
| (Mcb) |
|
|
| Hydrodynamic Bearings and Seals |
| (Mcc) |
|
|
| Bearings at Low Reynolds Numbers |
| (Mcd) |
|
|
| Annulus at High Reynolds Numbers |
| (Mce) |
|
|
| Squeeze Film Dampers |
| (Mcf) |
|
|
| Turbulent Annular Seals |
| (Mcg) |
|
|
| Labyrinth Seals |
| (Mch) |
|
|
| Blade Tip Rotordynamic Effects |
| (Mci) |
|
|
| Steady Radial Forces |
| (Mcj) |
|
|
| Effect of Cavitation |
| (Mck) |
|
|
| Centrifugal Pumps |
| (Mcm) |
|
|
| Moments and Lines of Action |
| (Mcn) |
|
|
| Axial Flow Inducers |
| (Mcp) |
|
| Propellers | (Mf) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Mfa) |
|
|
| Propellers |
| (Mfb) |
|
|
| Performance |
| (Mfc) |
|
|
| Efficiency |
| (Mfd) |
|
|
| Propeller Cavitation |
| (Mfe) |
|
|
| Propeller Cavitation Damage |
| (Mff) |
|
|
| Cavitation Performance |
| (Mfg) |
|
|
| Dynamic Characteristics |
| (Mfh) |
|
|
|
| Propeller Cavitation Videos |
|
|
|
| Flow Valves | (Mg) |
|
|
|
| Hydraulic Valves |
| (Mga) |
|
|
| Hydraulic Control |
| (Mgb) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| References |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| MULTIPHASE FLOW | (N) |
|
|
| Introduction | (Na) |
|
|
|
| Scope |
| (Naa) |
|
|
| Multiphase Flow Models |
| (Nab) |
|
|
| Multiphase Flow Notation |
| (Nac) |
|
|
| Size Distributions |
| (Nad) |
|
| Equations of Motion | (Nb) |
|
|
|
| Averaging |
| (Nba) |
|
|
| Conservation of Mass |
| (Nbb) |
|
|
| Number Continuity Equation |
| (Nbc) |
|
|
| Fick's Law |
| (Nbd) |
|
|
| Equations of Motion |
| (Nbe) |
|
|
| Disperse Phase Momentum Equation |
| (Nbf) |
|
|
| On Disperse Phase Interaction |
| (Nbg) |
|
|
| Equations for Conservation of Energy |
| (Nbh) |
|
|
| Heat Transfer between Separated Phases |
| (Nbi) |
|
| Interaction with turbulence | (Nc) |
|
|
|
| Particle and Turbulence |
| (Nca) |
|
|
| Effect on Turbulence Stability |
| (Ncb) |
|
| On the equations of motion | (Nd) |
|
|
|
| Comments |
| (Nda) |
|
|
| Averaging |
| (Ndb) |
|
|
| Averaging Contributions to the Mean Motion |
| (Ndc) |
|
|
| Averaging in Pipe Flows |
| (Ndd) |
|
|
| Modeling with the Combined Phase Equations |
| (Nde) |
|
|
| Mass, Force and Energy Interaction Terms |
| (Ndf) |
|
| Single particle motion | (Ne) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Nea) |
|
|
| Sphere Flow - High Reynolds Number |
| (Neb) |
|
|
| Sphere Flow - Low Reynolds Number |
| (Nec) |
|
|
| Molecular Effects |
| (Ned) |
|
|
| Unsteady Particle Motions |
| (Nee) |
|
|
| Effect of Concentration on Added Mass |
| (Nef) |
|
|
| Unsteady Potential Flow |
| (Neg) |
|
|
| Unsteady Stokes Flow |
| (Neh) |
|
|
| Particle Equation of Motion |
| (Nei) |
|
|
| Magnitude of Relative Motion |
| (Nej) |
|
|
| Effect of Concentration on Particle Motion |
| (Nek) |
|
|
| Effect of Concentration on Particle Drag |
| (Nel) |
|
| Bubble or droplet translation | (Nf) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Nfa) |
|
|
| Dimensional Analysis of Deformation due to Translation |
| (Nfb) |
|
|
| Bubble Shapes and Terminal Velocities |
| (Nfc) |
|
|
| Marangoni Effects |
| (Nfd) |
|
|
| Bjerknes Forces |
| (Nfe) |
|
|
| Growing Bubbles |
| (Nff) |
|
| Bubble growth and collapse | (Ng) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Nga) |
|
|
| Rayleigh-Plesset Equation |
| (Ngb) |
|
|
| Bubble Contents |
| (Ngc) |
|
|
| In the Absence of Thermal Effects |
| (Ngd) |
|
|
| Stability of Vapor/Gas Bubbles |
| (Nge) |
|
|
| Thermal Effects on Growth |
| (Ngf) |
|
|
| Thermally Controlled Growth |
| (Ngg) |
|
|
| Cavitation and Boiling |
| (Ngh) |
|
|
| Bubble Growth by Mass Diffusion |
| (Ngi) |
|
|
| Bubble Natural Frequencies |
| (Ngj) |
|
|
| Nonlinear Effects |
| (Ngk) |
|
|
| Rectified Mass Diffusion |
| (Ngl) |
|
| Cavitation | (Nh) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Nha) |
|
|
| Cavitation Inception |
| (Nhb) |
|
|
| Cavitation Bubble Collapse |
| (Nhc) |
|
|
| Shape during Bubble Collapse |
| (Nhd) |
|
|
| Cavitation Damage |
| (Nhe) |
|
|
| Cavitating Bubble Shapes |
| (Nhf) |
|
|
| Cavitation Noise |
| (Nhg) |
|
|
| Cavitation Luminescence |
| (Nhh) |
|
|
| Cavitation Chemistry |
| (Nhi) |
|
|
| Vapor Explosions |
| (Nhj) |
|
|
| Bubble Dynamics Videos |
|
|
|
| Cavitating Flows | (Nt) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Nta) |
|
|
| Traveling Bubble Cavitation |
| (Ntb) |
|
|
| Bubble Flow Interactions |
| (Ntc) |
|
|
| Experimental Observations |
| (Ntd) |
|
|
| Large Scale Cavitation Structures |
| (Nte) |
|
|
| Vortex Cavitation |
| (Ntf) |
|
|
| Cloud Cavitation |
| (Ntg) |
|
|
| Attached or Sheet Cavitation |
| (Nth) |
|
|
| Cavitating Foils |
| (Nti) |
|
|
| Cavity Closure |
| (Ntj) |
|
|
| References |
|
|
|
|
| Cavitating Flow Videos |
|
|
|
| Free Streamline Flows | (Nu) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Nua) |
|
|
| Cavity Closure Models |
| (Nub) |
|
|
| Cavity Detachment Models |
| (Nuc) |
|
|
| Wall Effects and Choked Flows |
| (Nud) |
|
|
| Steady Planar Flows |
| (Nue) |
|
|
| Some Nonlinear Results |
| (Nuf) |
|
|
| Linearized Methods |
| (Nug) |
|
|
| Flat Plate Hydrofoil |
| (Nuh) |
|
|
| Cavitating Cascades |
| (Nui) |
|
|
| Three Dimensional Flows |
| (Nuj) |
|
|
| Numerical Methods |
| (Nuk) |
|
|
| Unsteady Flows |
| (Nul) |
|
|
| References |
|
|
|
| Boiling and Condensation | (Ni) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Nia) |
|
|
| Pool Boiling on Horizontal Surface |
| (Nib) |
|
|
| Nucleate Boiling on Horizontal Surface |
| (Nic) |
|
|
| Film Boiling on Horizontal Surface |
| (Nid) |
|
|
| Leidenfrost Effect |
| (Nie) |
|
|
| Boiling on Vertical Surface |
| (Nif) |
|
|
| Film Boiling on Vertical Surface |
| (Nig) |
|
|
| Condensation |
| (Nih) |
|
|
| Film Condensation |
| (Nii) |
|
| Flow patterns | (Nj) |
|
|
|
| Multiphase Flow Patterns |
| (Nja) |
|
|
| Examples of Flow Regime Maps |
| (Njb) |
|
|
| Slurry Flow Regimes |
| (Njc) |
|
|
| Vertical Pipe Flow |
| (Njd) |
|
|
| Flow Pattern Classifications |
| (Nje) |
|
|
| Disperse Phase Separation and Dispersion |
| (Njf) |
|
|
| Example: Horizontal Pipe Flow |
| (Njg) |
|
|
| Particle Size and Particle Fission |
| (Njh) |
|
|
| Examples of Flow-determined Bubble Size |
| (Nji) |
|
|
| Bubbly or Mist Flow Limits |
| (Njj) |
|
|
| Other Bubbly Flow Limits |
| (Njk) |
|
|
| Other Particle Size Effects |
| (Njl) |
|
|
| Stability of Disperse Mixtures |
| (Njm) |
|
|
| Inhomogeneity Instability of Vertical Flows |
| (Njn) |
|
|
| Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability |
| (Njo) |
|
|
| Stratified Flow Instability |
| (Njp) |
|
|
| Annular Flow Instability |
| (Njq) |
|
|
| Two-Component Flow Videos |
|
|
|
|
| Three-Component Flow Videos |
|
|
|
| Energy conversion | (Nk) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Nka) |
|
|
| Disperse Horizontal Flow Friction |
| (Nkb) |
|
|
| Homogeneous Flow Friction |
| (Nkc) |
|
|
| Heterogeneous Flow Friction |
| (Nkd) |
|
|
| Vertical Flow Friction |
| (Nke) |
|
|
| Two Component Separated Flow Friction |
| (Nkf) |
|
|
| Friction with Phase Change |
| (Nkg) |
|
|
| Multiphase Flow in Pumps |
| (Nkh) |
|
| Homogeneous Flows | (Nl) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Nla) |
|
|
| Sonic Speed |
| (Nlb) |
|
|
| Sonic Speed at Higher Frequencies |
| (Nlc) |
|
|
| Sonic Speed with Phase Change |
| (Nld) |
|
|
| Barotropic Relations |
| (Nle) |
|
|
| Nozzle Flows |
| (Nlf) |
|
|
| Vapor/Liquid Nozzle Flow |
| (Nlg) |
|
|
| Condensation Shocks |
| (Nlh) |
|
| Flows with bubble dynamics | (Nm) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Nma) |
|
|
| Basic Equations |
| (Nmb) |
|
|
| Acoustics of Bubbly Mixtures |
| (Nmc) |
|
|
| Comparison with Experiments |
| (Nmd) |
|
|
| Normal Shock Waves in Bubbly Flows |
| (Nme) |
|
|
| Shock Waves Structure |
| (Nmf) |
|
|
| Oblique Shock Waves |
| (Nmg) |
|
|
| Spherical Bubble Cloud Modes |
| (Nmh) |
|
|
| Spherical Bubble Cloud Response |
| (Nmi) |
|
| Flows with gas dynamics | (Nn) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Nna) |
|
|
| Equations for a Dusty Gas |
| (Nnb) |
|
|
| Homogeneous Flow with Gas Dynamics |
| (Nnc) |
|
|
| Velocity and Temperature Relaxation |
| (Nnd) |
|
|
| Normal Shock Wave |
| (Nne) |
|
|
| Acoustic Damping |
| (Nnf) |
|
|
| Linear Stability of Laminar Flow |
| (Nng) |
|
|
| Flow over a Wavy Wall |
| (Nnh) |
|
|
| Small Slip Perturbation |
| (Nni) |
|
| Sprays | (No) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Noa) |
|
|
| Ocean Spray |
| (Nob) |
|
|
| Spray Formation by Bubbling |
| (Noc) |
|
|
| Spray Formation by Wind Shear |
| (Nod) |
|
|
| Spray Formation by Initially Laminar Jets |
| (Noe) |
|
|
| Spray Formation by Turbulent Jets |
| (Nof) |
|
|
| Single Droplet Mechanics |
| (Nog) |
|
|
| Single Droplet Combustion |
| (Noh) |
|
|
| Spray Combustion |
| (Noi) |
|
| Granular flows | (Np) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Npa) |
|
|
| Particle Interaction Models |
| (Npb) |
|
|
| Computer Simulations |
| (Npc) |
|
|
| Wave Propagation |
| (Nps) |
|
|
| Effects of Vibration |
| (Npt) |
|
|
| Soil Liquefaction |
| (Npu) |
|
|
| Flow Regimes |
| (Npd) |
|
|
| Flow Regime Rheologies |
| (Npe) |
|
|
| Flow Regime Boundaries |
| (Npf) |
|
|
| Slow Granular Flow |
| (Npg) |
|
|
| Mohr-Coulomb Models |
| (Nph) |
|
|
| Hopper Flows |
| (Npi) |
|
|
| Rapid Granular Flow |
| (Npj) |
|
|
| Examples of Rapid Flow Equations |
| (Npk) |
|
|
| Boundary Conditions |
| (Npl) |
|
|
| Rapid Flow Simulations |
| (Npm) |
|
|
| Chute Flows |
| (Npq) |
|
|
| Heat Transfer |
| (Npr) |
|
|
| Effect of Interstitial Fluid |
| (Npn) |
|
|
| Particle Collisions |
| (Npo) |
|
|
| Classes of Interstitial Fluid Effects |
| (Npp) |
|
|
| Shear Flow Simulation Videos |
|
|
|
|
| Chute Flow Simulation Videos |
|
|
|
|
| Mixture Flow Simulation Videos |
|
|
|
|
| Force Chain Videos |
|
|
|
|
| Wave Propagation Videos |
|
|
|
|
| Vibration Effects Videos |
|
|
|
|
| Booming Dunes Videos |
|
|
|
| Drift flux models | (Nq) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Nqa) |
|
|
| Drift Flux Method |
| (Nqb) |
|
|
| Vertical Pipe Flow |
| (Nqc) |
|
|
| Fluidized Bed |
| (Nqd) |
|
|
| Pool Boiling Crisis |
| (Nqe) |
|
|
| Corrections for Pipe Flows |
| (Nqf) |
|
| System instablities | (Nr) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Nra) |
|
|
| System Structure |
| (Nrb) |
|
|
| Quasistatic Stability |
| (Nrc) |
|
|
| Turbomachine Surge |
| (Nrd) |
|
|
| Ledinegg Instability |
| (Nre) |
|
|
| Geyser Instability |
| (Nrf) |
|
|
| Concentration Waves |
| (Nrg) |
|
|
| Dynamic Instabilities |
| (Nrh) |
|
|
| Cavitation Surge in Pumps |
| (Nri) |
|
|
| Chugging and Condensation Oscillations |
| (Nrj) |
|
|
| Unsteady Internal Flow Methods |
| (Nrk) |
|
|
| Transfer Functions |
| (Nrl) |
|
|
| Uniform Homogeneous Flow |
| (Nrm) |
|
|
| Non-Cavitating Pumps |
| (Nrp) |
|
|
| Cavitating Inducers |
| (Nrq) |
|
|
| Bubbly Flow Model for Cavitating Inducers |
| (Nrt) |
|
|
| Cavitating Turbine |
| (Nrr) |
|
|
| Cavitating Propeller |
| (Nrs) |
|
| Kinematic waves | (Ns) |
|
|
|
| Introduction |
| (Nsa) |
|
|
| Kinematic Wave Analysis |
| (Nsb) |
|
|
| Kinematic Wave Speed at Flooding |
| (Nsc) |
|
|
| Kinematic Waves in Steady Flows |
| (Nsd) |
|
|
| Kinematic Shock Waves |
| (Nse) |
|
|
| Kinematic Shock Stability |
| (Nsf) |
|
|
| Compressibility and Phase Change Effects |
| (Nsg) |
|
|
| Batch Sedimentation |
| (Nsh) |
|
|
| Dynamics of Cavitating Pumps |
| (Nsi) |
|
|
| Two-dimensional Shocks |
| (Nsj) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| References |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| NUMERICAL METHODS | (O) |
|
|
|
| Numerical Methods | (Oa) |
|
|
|
| Boundary Integral Methods | (Ob) |
|
|
|
| Finite Difference Methods | (Oc) |
|
|
|
| Finite Differences Example | (Od) |
|
|
|
| Finite Element Methods | (Oe) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| References |
|
|
|
