||
在有关的授课中,涉及到可持续发展的问题,我一般给出如下的定义:既满足当前需求,又兼顾子孙后代满足他们的需求的能力的发展。可持续发展的三大基石为经济、社会和环境。
随着美国领导的全球变化研究计划最新公布的气候变化报告的出台,这一思想似乎显得越来越out了。比如,近年来一些所谓“极端”的天气事件正变得越来越常见、越来越猛烈;2012年,北冰洋海冰数量降至历史新低,融化面积相当于美国国土;澳大利亚和其他地区遭遇前所未有热浪袭击;中国和日本遭遇创纪录的洪水;英国遭遇有记录以来最湿年份。但全球目前的应对措施却十分不充分。
人类从根本上改变了地球的生态系统,改变了碳、氮、水和磷的地球化学循环过程,从而改变了大气、海洋、水路、森林、冰盖,还减少了生物多样性。人类活动的环境后果正变得日益明显,同时人类减轻这一后果的责任也变得日益重大。如今,人类就面临着一个生死攸关的问题:如何在不破坏地球生命支持系统的情况下为全世界人口提供足够的营养,并能体面地生活?在去年召开的联合国里约热内卢地球峰会上,许多国家的领导人都同意建立一个全球可持续发展目标,认为这将改变未来经济政策,以捍卫我们的生命支持系统。显然,要达到这个目的,首先需要我们更新认识和方法。经济不应该视为可持续发展的独立基石,而应该用来服务社会,而社会职能则在安全的自然环境中实现繁荣。从这个角度看,可持续发展应该重新定义为“满足当前需求,同时保护当前和子孙后代所依赖的地球生命支持系统的发展”。一个健康、兴盛的地球才是人类健康、繁荣生活的先决条件。
举一个例子,减少贫困其实包括了供应食品、水、能源以及提供有酬工作等方面。但向所有人提供能源,要求政府停止化石燃料和不可持续农业的补贴。而要达到食品安全目标,农业体系和行为就不但要支持农民生产出足够的食物满足人们的营养需求,还必须通过诸如防止水土流失、依靠高效氮肥和磷肥等方式保护自然资源。
David Griggs是澳大利亚莫纳什可持续性研究所(MSI)的主任。他与同事在今年3月份出版的Nature周刊上公布了名为《为了人类和地球的可持续发展目标》(Sustainable development goals for people and planet)的报告,将可持续发展定义为六个全球目标:繁荣的生活和生计、可持续性粮食安全、可持续性水安全、通用清洁能源、健康和高产的生态系统、可持续社会的管理。下面将分别对这6个目标进行介绍:
六个可持续发展目标(包括一些在2030年达到的临时指标)
目标1:繁荣的生活和生计。通过接受教育、就业和获取信息,消灭贫困和增进福利,获得更健康的身体和更好的住房,在迈向可持续消费和生产中减少不平等。这扩展了千年发展目标(MDGs)有关贫困、健康和城市环境方面的许多指标,并将其应用于发达国家。在清洁空气方面,应该包括一些基于世界卫生组织(WHO)指导方针的指标,比如黑炭等污染物;按照蒙特利尔议定书中的计划,减少那些消耗平流层臭氧浓度的物质的排放;控制人造化合物和有毒材料的临界载荷;稀缺矿产和金属以及其他自然资源开采、利用和再循环的可持续性实践。
目标2:可持续性粮食安全。通过可持续的生产、分配和消费系统,结束饥饿并实现长期的粮食安全,包括有更好的营养。千年发展目标的饥饿指标应该进行扩展,在指标中添加一条:限制在农业生产中氮和磷的使用。营养利用效率到2020年要提高20%;每年从大气中提取的氮不应超过3500万吨;流入到海洋中的磷每年不应超过1000万吨;通过径流进入湖泊和河流的磷到2030年应减少一半。
目标3:可持续性水安全。普遍能获得清洁水和基本卫生条件,通过集成水资源管理保证有效配置。这将有助于达到千年发展目标的健康指标,限制全球水体径流量低于每年4000立方千米,限制流域中减少的流量不超过年平均流量的50 - 80%。
目标4:通用清洁能源。改善通用、便宜的清洁能源,减少当地污染和健康影响,并缓解全球变暖。这有助于联合国致力于发展可持续能源的承诺,以及千年发展目标在教育、男女平等和健康方面的指标。确保至少有50%的把握维持全球气温升高在2°C以内,可持续性指标应该瞄准全球温室气体排放,在2015-2020年达到峰值后,再到2030年前每年下降3–5% ,最终在2050年下降50 - 80%。
目标5:健康和高产的生态系统。通过更好的管理、评估、测量、保护和修复,维持生物多样性和生态系统服务。这结合了千年发展目标中的环境指标,以及用生物多样性公约(参见www.cbd.int/sp/targets)所采用的爱知指标对2030年的预测。灭绝不应超过自然背景速度的10倍。任何生态系统中至少70%的物种,以及70%的森林应该被保留。水产和海洋生态系统应该进行管理,保护对生物多样性、生态系统服务和渔业至关重要的区域。
目标6:可持续社会的管理。改革各级管理与机构,落实其他五个可持续发展目标。这将建立在千年发展目标的伙伴关系,并结合环境和社会指标融入全球贸易、投资和金融。对化石燃料的补贴以及支持不可持续农业与渔业的政策应该在2020年前淘汰;产品价格应该纳入社会和环境影响评价。国家监测、报告和验证系统必须建立在可持续发展指标上;开放信息获取,各级决策过程必须是安全的。
为了便于理解,我将框架图也进行了翻译:
【注:为了避免歧义,我将原文也附在此】
Goal 1: Thriving lives and livelihoods. End poverty and improve well-being through access to education, employment and information, better health and housing, and reduced inequality while moving towards sustainable consumption and production.
This extends many targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) on poverty, health and urban environments and applies them to developed nations. It should include targets on clean air that build on World Health Organization guidelines for pollutants such as black carbon6; reductions in emissions of stratospheric ozone-depleting substances in line with projections from the Montreal Protocol; critical loads for man-made chemical compounds and toxic materials; and sustainable practices for extraction, use and recycling of scarce minerals and metals and other natural resources.
Goal 2: Sustainable food security. End hunger and achieve long-term food security — including better nutrition — through sustainable systems of production, distribution and consumption.
The MDG hunger target should be extended and targets added to limit nitrogen and phosphorus use in agriculture. Nutrient-use efficiency should improve by 20% by 2020; no more than 35 million tonnes of nitrogen per year should be extracted from the atmosphere; phosphorus flow to the oceans should not exceed 10 million tonnes a year; and phosphorus runoff to lakes and rivers should halve by 2030.
Goal 3: Sustainable water security. Achieve universal access to clean water and basic sanitation, and ensure efficient allocation through integrated water-resource management.
This would contribute to MDG health targets, restrict global water runoff to less than 4000 cubic kilometres a year and limit volumes withdrawn from river basins to no more than 50–80% of mean annual flow.
Goal 4: Universal clean energy. Improve universal, affordable access to clean energy that minimizes local pollution and health impacts and mitigates global warming.
This contributes to the UN commitment to sustainable energy for all, and addresses MDG targets on education, gender equity and health. To ensure at least a 50% probability of staying within 2 °C warming, sustainability targets should aim for global greenhouse-gas emissions to peak in 2015–20, drop by 3–5% a year until 2030, and fall by 50–80% by 2050.
Goal 5: Healthy and productive ecosystems. Sustain biodiversity and ecosystem services through better management, valuation, measurement, conservation and restoration.
This combines the MDG environmental targets with 2030 projections of the Aichi Targets adopted by the Convention on Biological Diversity (see www.cbd.int/sp/targets). Extinctions should not exceed ten times the natural background rate. At least 70% of species in any ecosystem and 70% of forests should be retained. Aquatic and marine ecosystems should be managed to safeguard areas crucial for biodiversity, ecosystem services and fisheries.
Goal 6: Governance for sustainable societies. Transform governance and institutions at all levels to address the other five sustainable development goals.
This would build on MDG partnerships and incorporate environmental and social targets into global trade, investment and finance 4. Subsidies on fossil fuels and policies that support unsustainable agricultural and fisheries practices should be eliminated by 2020; product prices should incorporate social and environmental impacts. National monitoring, reporting and verification systems must be established for sustainable-development targets; and open access to information and decision-making processes should be secured at all levels.
参考资料:
[1] 重新定义可持续发展。http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/redefining-sustainable-development-by-david-griggs/chinese
[2] Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature 495, 305–307 (21 March 2013) doi:10.1038/495305a
Archiver|手机版|科学网 ( 京ICP备07017567号-12 )
GMT+8, 2024-11-22 23:12
Powered by ScienceNet.cn
Copyright © 2007- 中国科学报社