中国生态文明建设（中英对照）连载之十一

水污染治理

本书由北京语言大学出版社出版，2014（教学课件光盘版） 作者 蒋高明

2.2.3水污染治理

2.2.3 Water pollution control

2013年7月10日，中国新闻网报道了一则消息：云南省昆明市东川区的小河中，出现大量乳白色积淀物，绵延数公里，人们戏称它为“牛奶河”。“牛奶河”流淌着的可不是什么“牛奶”，而是实实在在的各种污染物的混合物。河水中含有铜、锌、镉、锰等重金属污染物，散发着扑鼻的臭气。严重污染致使河流生态遭受灭顶之灾，河里几乎没有鱼虾等生物，连水草都难以生长。

On July 10, 2013, China News reported that in Dongchuan District of Kunming, capital of Yunnan Province, a large amount of milky white substances stretching for several kilometers was found floating in a river. It was called “Milk River” jokingly. This was not milk; rather it was a mix of pollutants like copper, zinc, cadmium, manganese and other heavy metals which gave off disgusting stench. The serious pollution made havoc of the river ecology. All the fish and shrimps perished and even weeds could hardly grow there.

牛奶河所在的东川区，被称为“天南铜都”，有大量铜矿场。其中，部分铜矿场在环保配套设施不完善、未办理环保竣工验收手续的情况下，私设暗渠，将含有有害成分的尾矿水直接排入河中，每天的排放量竟然达数千吨！

Dongchuan district, where the “Milk River” lies, is called the “Tiannan (South China) Copper Capital” because of many local copper mines. Some have insufficient environmental protection facilities and have not undergone examination and acceptance formalities for environment conditions. They set up closed conduits without permission and discharged the tailings water containing harmful substances directly into the river, with daily emissions up to several thousand tons!

类似于牛奶河这样的各类水污染引发了大量环境公共事件，为中国生态环境敲响了警钟，中国对水污染说“不”的时候到了。

A large number of environmental disasters caused by water pollution like the “Milk River” have sounded the alarm. It’s high time for China to say “No” to water pollution.

2001年至2010年的10年间，中国投入约400亿元巨资，防治三峡库区及其上游的水污染，库区及其上游主要控制断面水质，基本达到了国家地表水环境质量二类标准。

During the first decade of this century, China invested about 40 billion Yuan to prevent water pollution in the Three Gorges reservoir area and its upstream, and as a result their fracture section water quality has basically reached the secondary environmental quality standards for surface water.

2007年，中国投入数十亿元资金，启动了“水体污染控制与治理”项目，重点治理流域性水环境和城市污水，让老百姓喝上安全的饮用水。经过数年来的有效治理，污染严重的太湖流域水环境已明显改善；黄河连续6年告别了断流的命运，生态得到改善。

In 2007, China invested billions of dollars in the Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment, focusing on environment problems in river basins and urban sewage, to supply people with safe drinking water. After several years of effective treatment, the water quality in the originally seriously-polluted Taihu Basin has been significantly improved. The Yellow River started to flow again after being blocked for 6 straight years, and the ecological environment has turned for the better.

但是，中国水污染的现状依然非常严峻，“局部好转，整体恶化”的趋势还十分普遍。为此，国家开展了重点区域水污染治理的科技攻关项目，简称“水专项”，即：在包括“三河”、“三湖”、“一江”、“一库”^[1]在内的水污染重点控制区域，以及珠三角、长三角和环渤海等城镇发展密集地区，开展重大专项科研，为“十一五”期间主要污染物排放总量、化学需氧量减少10%的约束性指标的实现，提供技术支持。

However, the current situation nationally is still very grim, and the trend of “local improvement but overall deterioration” is still prevalent. Therefore, China launched a scientific and technological project for water pollution treatment, namely the Major Science and Technology . Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment, in key areas like the “Three Rivers”, “Three Lakes”, “One Jiang”, and “One Reservoir”, and in heavily urbanized regions such as the Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta and the Circum-Bohai-Sea. Some major scientific researches have been carried out to provide technical support for a 10% reduction of the total discharge of major pollutants and chemical oxygen demand during the “11^th Five-Year Plan” period.

“水专项”分三个阶段进行组织实施，第一阶段突破“控源减排”关键技术，即从源头减少污染物排放；第二阶段突破“减负修复”关键技术，即让水生生态系统恢复生机；第三阶段突破流域水环境“综合调控”成套技术，即让生态恢复效果保持下去。水专项是建国以来，投资最大的水污染治理科技项目，总经费300亿元。我们期待这个重大项目的实施，能够让日益恶化的水环境，重新焕发生命的清澈。

The Program was divided into three stages. The first stage was to achieve a breakthrough in key technologies of “source control and emission reduction”, i.e., to reduce emissions at the source; the second stage was to make a breakthrough in key technologies of “environmental burden alleviation and ecological restoration”, i.e., to restore the vitality of aquatic ecosystems; the third stage was to make a breakthrough in a set of technologies of “comprehensive regulation”, i.e., to maintain ecological recovery. This is the most heavily-invested water pollution science and technology treatment program since the founding of the PRC, with a total fund of 30 billion Yuan. It is hoped that the implementation of this critical program will rejuvenate the deteriorating water condition.

[1]“三河”指淮河、海河、辽河，“三湖”为太湖、巢湖、滇池，“一江”指松花江，“一库”为三峡水库。

[1] Three Rivers refer to Huaihe River, Haihe River, and Liaohe River; Three Lakes refer to Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake, and Dianchi Lake; One “Jiang”(long river) refers to the Songhua River; and One Reservoir refers to the Three Gorges reservoir.