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大气河流（atmospheric rivers）运动图
animation by NOAA（动画图来自美国NOAA）
hillside注：上图见于http://climate.calcommons.org/article/atmospheric-rivers-and-climate-change
“银河、云河、长河”等描述天空星系或空中气流的语汇中文中并不缺乏，可谓古已有之。但“大气河流、大气长河、空中河流”却可能是非常新的字眼，幸运的是，在英语世界中，Atmospheric rivers（可译作“大气河流、大气长河”）的命名权也与中国有缘。据诸多英文文献与网页消息看，首创权均归于华裔学者朱勇（Yong Zhu）与他的合作者——已故气象学家纽威尔（Reginald Newell）。在具体时间上有略微不同的说法，有说为1990年代早期，有说为1998年。准确的说法看来是1994年。维基百科等误传为1998年是看来是只知其二，不知其一。因为朱勇与其合作者在1994年首次提出与界定“大气河流”概念之后，1998年又发表了一篇研究大气河流的论文。
“大气河流（atmospheric rivers）”既不是通常意义上的大气环流，也并不泛泛地表示大气中的含水的运动气流，而是有其特定的含义。
对于朱勇（Yong Zhu）的其他信息，我目前并无所知。欢迎有知的朋友补充。
附1：朱勇（Yong Zhu）等1994年的论文
Zhu, Y., and R. E. Newell, 1994: Atmospheric rivers and bombs.
Geophysical Research Letters
Volume 21, Issue 18, pages 1999–2002, 1 September 1994
Atmospheric rivers and bombs
Yong Zhu, Reginald E. Newell
Filamentary structure is a common feature of atmospheric water vapor transport; the filaments may be termed “atmospheric rivers” because some carry as much water as the Amazon [Newell et al., 1992]. An extratropical cyclone whose central pressure fall averages at least 1 hPa hr−1 for 24 hours is known in meteorology as a “bomb” [Sanders and Gyakum, 1980]. We report here an association between rivers and bombs. When a cyclonic system is penetrated by a river, the cyclonic center moves to be close to the position occupied by the leading edge of the river twelve hours previously and the central pressure falls. If the river then moves away from the cyclone, the central pressure rises. Based on a pilot study of pressure fall and water vapor flux convergence for two winter months, the cause of the explosive deepening appears to be latent heat liberation. This is substantiated by composite maps of seven Atlantic and seven Pacific bombs which show that the flux convergence near the bomb center has a comma cloud signature. The observed association may be useful in forecasting 12-hour direction of motion and pressure change of rapidly developing cyclonic systems; the incorporation of better moisture data into numerical forecasting models may be the reason for the reported increase of skill in the prediction of bombs in recent years.
附2：朱勇（Yong Zhu）等1998年的论文（点击网址可看全文）
http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/full/10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<0725%3AAPAFMF>2.0.CO%3B2
A Proposed Algorithm for Moisture Fluxes from Atmospheric Rivers
YONG ZHU AND REGINALD E. NEWELL
Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
(Manuscript received 21 November 1996, in final form 11 July 1997)
ABSTRACT
A new algorithm is applied to study water vapor fluxes in the troposphere using wind and moisture data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. The fluxes are divided into filamentary structures known as tropospheric rivers and what are termed here broad fields. The results show that the tropospheric rivers may carry essentially the total meridional transport observed in the extratropical atmosphere but may occupy only about 10% of the total longitudinal length at a given latitude. The transient fluxes in traditional studies do not catch the filamentary structures completely and may therefore underestimate the fraction of transport assigned to moving systems, as well as omitting the geographical concentration. The mean flow and eddy fluxes evaluated by the new algorithm are considered to be more physically realistic.
附3：台湾《科学人》杂志 http://sa.ylib.com/MagCont.aspx?Unit=featurearticles&id=2138
hillside注：此文中称“1998年他们创造了‘大气长河’这个词”说法可能有误，应当是1994年。
大氣長河漫加州
在海洋上空形成的巨大水氣帶，每200年會引起一次加州大洪水，而氣候變遷可能讓情況雪上加霜。
撰文／戴汀格（Michael D. Dettinger）、殷格朗（B. Lynn Ingram）
翻譯／張雨青想當然耳，研究人員很快就把這三個明顯互補的發現兜在一起。從那時起，科學家做了越來越多研究，只為把美國西岸的大氣長河弄得更清楚。他們還建置了配備有仰視雷達與剖風儀的新氣象站，以便進行監測。NOAA的水文氣象試驗平台計畫正深入內陸觀測，好弄清楚大氣長河到了內陸會發生什麼事......
附4：http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/164142/
What are they, in more scientific terms?ARs(Atmospheric Rivers) are the water-vapor rich part of the broader warm conveyor belt (e.g., Browning, 1990; Carlson, 1991), that is found in extratropical cyclones ("storms"). They result from the action of winds associated with the storm drawing together moisture into a narrow region just ahead of the cold front where low-level winds can sometimes exceed hurricane strength.
The term AR was coined in a seminal scientific paper published in 1998 by researchers Zhu and Newell at MIT (Zhu and Newell 1998). Because they found that most of the water vapor was transported in relatively narrow regions of the atmosphere (90% of the transport occurred typically in four to five long, narrow regions roughly 400 km wide), the term atmospheric river was used.
A number of formal scientific papers have since been published building on this concept (see the publication list), and forecasters and climate researchers are beginning to apply the ideas and methods to their fields. The satellite images at right show strong ARs as seen by satellite.
An atmospheric river is a narrow corridor or filament of concentrated moisture in the atmosphere. Atmospheric rivers consist of narrow bands of enhanced water vapor transport, typically along the boundaries between large areas of divergent surface air flow, including some frontal zones in association with extratropical cyclones that form over the oceans.[1][2][3][4]
The term was originally coined by researchers Reginald Newell and Yong Zhu of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the early 1990s, to reflect the narrowness of the moisture plumes involved.[1][3][5] Atmospheric rivers are typically several thousand kilometers long and only a few hundred kilometers wide, and a single one can carry a greater flux of water than the Earth's largest river, the Amazon River.[2] There are typically 3-5 of these narrow plumes present within a hemisphere at any given time.
Atmospheric rivers have a central role in the global water cycle. On any given day, atmospheric rivers account for over 90% of the global meridional (north-south) water vapor transport, yet they cover less than 10% of the Earth's circumference.[2]
巨大的大气层河流
近日,科学家最新研究发现英国上空存在着巨大的“大气层河流”,其蓄水量相当于泰晤士河的1000倍,与亚马逊河的蓄水量相当。这个“大气层河流”被认为是自上世纪70年代以来,形成英国10次最严重冬季洪流的主要原因。经初步估计,大气层河流宽400千米,从热带地区向欧洲北部延伸320
附7：http://tech.qq.com/a/20121010/000050.htm
英国发现大气层河流 相当泰晤士河水量1千倍
[导读]目前，科学家最新研究发现英国上空存在着巨大“大气层河流”，相当于泰晤士河蓄水量1000倍。同时，他们认为这是自上世纪70年代以来，形成英国10次最严重冬季洪流的主要原因。
腾讯科学讯（悠悠/编译） 据英国每日邮报报道，目前，科学家认为，从热带地区向北漂浮的巨大湿空气带是造成英国近年来洪流和潮湿夏季的主要原因，巨大湿空气带蓄水量相当于泰晤士河水量的1000倍。
科学家最新研究显示英国上空存在着“大气层河流”，是导致英国洪流的主要原因
科学家认为最大的“大气层河流”的蓄水量相当于世界上最大河流亚马逊河
“大气层河流”甚至与世界最大河流亚马逊河的蓄水量相当，被认为是自1970年以来导致英国境内10次最严重冬季洪流的主要原因。目前，科学家认为它可能也与夏季暴雨密切相关，暗示着大气层河流对英国洪流防御工事构成全年性威胁。
经初步估计，大气层河流宽300英里，从热带地区向欧洲北部延伸2000英里，可带来持续数天的可怕降雨量。研究人员称，全球仅有4-5个地区上空能够形成巨大湿空气带，其中一个湿空气带就位于英国上空。
由于英国的多山脉西部海岸地形特征，非常容易遭受强降雨侵袭，易于潮湿空气上升冷却形成雨云。英国瑞丁大学气象学家研究发现大气层河流可导致冬季洪流，其中包括：2010年11月康沃尔郡和2009年11月坎布里亚郡出现的重大洪流。
但同时该现象也与英国6月份出现的强降雨有关，科学家认为巨大湿空气带可能造成2007年夏季英国多数地区出现洪流。多年以来，导致英国潮湿夏季的原因曾被认为是急流，这是沿伸3万多英尺的气流带。
瑞丁大学研究小组负责人大气层研究科学家大卫-拉维斯通过进入风暴的飞行研究航空器和人造卫星跟踪分析多数潮湿空气流的移动，他们发现英国境内的多数降雨来自葡萄牙西部和北非地区温暖大西洋海水蒸发。平均每年出现8-10次强降雨，大西洋气旋产生一个狭窄风带携带水量抵达英国境内。
对于发现的这个大气层河流，多数科学仪器都无法勘测到，研究人员期望勘测大气层河流如何受气候变化影响。他们担心温度上升将带来更多的洪流，因为暖气流可以携带更多的水分。
附8：http://hebei.sina.com.cn/news/m/2013-07-18/155659807.html
环保部三颗天眼紧盯河北全境 实时监测大气河流
2013年7月18日15:56河北青年报
今后，我省环境监测将有“卫星”参与，遥感监测大气、水环境质量。
昨日，河北省环保厅与国家环保部签订环境遥感监测与应用合作协议。河北成为全国首个实现“天地一体化”全覆盖监测的省域。
省环保厅与环保部卫星环境应用中心昨日签订合作协议，将在环境遥感监测与综合应用方面进行合作。
合作之后，我省将利用国家环境1号A、B、C三颗卫星，对河北全境大气、水环境质量进行全方位监测。
据了解，这3颗卫星具有光学、热红外、超光谱和雷达等多种遥感探测设备。其可以监测大气中的PM10、PM2.5、二氧化硫、二氧化氮等污染物浓度及秸秆焚烧火点；监测湖泊、海洋的富营养化、透明度、水色以及各种生态环境。
“卫星将每天经过河北上空两次，能观察最小1米的物体轮廓。”省环境监测站相关负责人说。
大气河流将实现连续监测
目前我省环境监测的主要方式是，利用地面布点采样的测量方法。而卫星监测的好处是能在空间上实现更大范围监测，时间上实现连续性。
附9：几篇研究大气河流的英文文献
atmospheric rivers
附10：科学网相关博文：
[转载]Atmospheric rivers, 大氣長河, 大气河
http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=306792&do=blog&id=703891
“空中河流”概念的提出或许有利于空中水文学的发展
http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-526442-512294.html
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