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前天(10月7日)是玻尔(Niles Bohr)的生日,昨天才听说(然后想起)——这个生日好,是发诺贝尔奖的日子,90年前他真的得到了。
我感觉,玻尔更像哲学家,而不是物理学家。他本人也是喜欢哲学的,好像自以为是继承了古希腊的传统(忘了出处),还说那是他的生命(“It was, in a way, my life”)。不过,他对哲学家似乎不那么喜欢。他说过,“没有哪个所谓的哲学家真的明白人家的互补描述是什么意思”,“我有一个伟大的发现,非常伟大的发现:哲学家们写的东西简直是一派胡言”(all that philosophers have ever written is pure drivel [er det rene vaas])(方括号里的字是什么意思?)。
他还比较了科学家(“专家”)与哲学家——下面那段话是从他的传记里抄的(Niels Bohr’s Times, In Physics, Philosophy, and Polity, Abraham Pais, Oxford University Press, 1991;本书有商务印书馆中译本),感觉有点儿耳熟,现在也不敢肯定是玻尔的原创:
What is the difference between an expert and a philosopher? An expert is someone who starts out knowing something about some things, goes on to know more and more about less and less, and ends up knowing everything about nothing. Whereas a philosopher is someone who starts out knowing something about some things, goes on to know less and less about more and more, and ends up know knowing nothing about everything.
海森堡也觉得玻尔像哲学家。1967年,他回忆了第一次在哥廷根见玻尔的情形。他发现,玻尔对理论结构的见识不是来自基本假定的数学分析,而是来自对现象的把握——玻尔是直观地感觉而不是形式地导出了他的量子法则。接着,海老师总结了一段很有意思的话(见Sources of Quantum Mechanics, North-Holland Publishing, 1967):
Thus I understood: knowledge of nature was primarily obtained in this way, and only as the next step can one succeed in fixing one's knowledge in mathematical form and subjecting it to complete rational analysis. Bohr was primarily a philosopher, not a physicist, but he understood that natural philosophy in our day and age carries weight only if its every detail can be subjected to the inexorable test of experiment.
玻尔老师在量子论历史上的角色,也许真可以用“蜡烛”来比喻——这是从导师角度说的(我以前写过一篇“学做玻尔那样的导师”:http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-279992-450701.html)。另一方面,他的思想引领着一条科学路线(且不说哲学的),什么路线呢?当然是一条与爱因斯坦不同的路线——下回再说。
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