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《埃涅阿斯》为罗马大诗人维吉尔用拉丁文所做。该书英译本很多,我手里的纸质版是Allen Mandelbaum诗体翻译的平装本The Aeneid of Virgil,据介绍该书曾获国家图书奖。很早以前读过杨周翰先生散文体译本,收入上海译文版“外国文学名著丛书”。
《埃涅阿斯》主人公明确,就是爱神维纳斯的儿子、特洛伊国王的女婿埃涅阿斯;开篇突兀,主人公一行在海上遇到风暴;结尾利索,至攻城的主人公手刃守城悍将嘎然而止;前因后果则用倒叙的方式交待;这些表明该书是标准的史诗。在海上和陆地的漂泊经历其实是《奥德赛》的翻版,连冥界也同样走一遭;而下半部攻城斩将又是模仿《伊里亚特》,两方各有盟友,互见胜负。原始创新估计不够,最多也算是综合创新吧,正如罗马神话之于希腊神话。与荷马史诗比较,结构似乎更为精致,语言也更为洗练,但缺少了“重剑无锋、大巧不工”的古朴。
尽管故事与荷马史诗相接,天上诸神依旧,只是都换了罗马名字,但着眼点变了。智勇双全的希腊人变成了奸诈小人。而荷马史诗中有些可笑的阿佛洛狄忒,成为了英明神武的维纳斯,虽然仍是爱神,但智慧武功不逊色雅典娜。埃涅阿斯有母亲维纳斯亲自关照,自然处处逢凶化吉遇难成祥。神人距离大大增加,完全没有出现混战一团的局面。
最突出的差别,与那些桀骜不驯的古希腊人不同,埃涅阿斯更有命运的观念。他所做的一切,都是为了子孙后代建立伟大帝国。这方面《埃涅阿斯》堪称“遵命文学”甚至“歌德文学”的鼻祖。当然埃涅阿斯也不是完全受命运的摆布,有些“谋事在人成事在天”的意思。用书中的话说
there where the fates would have us
go forward or withdraw, where let us follow;
whatever comes, all fortune must be won
by our endurance. (V, 934-937)
What each man does will shape his trial and fortune.
For Jupiter is king of all alike;
the Fates will find their way. (X, 160-162)
书中有些诗行隽永凝练,耐人寻味。摘录些印象深刻的:
Whatever it may,
I fear the Greeks, even when they bring tifts. (II, 69-70)
The lost have only
this one deliverance: to hope for none. (II, 478-479)
it is not right for anyone
to trust reluctant gods! (II, 540-541)
But oh the ignorance of augurs! How
can vows and altars help one wild with love? (IV, 86-87)
An ever
uncertain and inconstant thing is woman. (IV, 776-777)
each must be his onw hope, but now you know
how poor a thing that is. (XI, 408-409)
From me, my son, learn valor and true labor;
from others learn of fortune (XII, 586-587)
顺便一提,与荷马史诗中没有出现混沌不同,该词出现了两次。分别是:
Chaos, and Erebus and Hecate,
The triple-shaped Diana, three-faced virgin. (IV, 707-708)
You gods who hold dominion over spirits;
You woiceless Shades; you, Phlegethon and Chaos,
Immense and soundless regions of the night; (VI, 350-352)
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