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坤舆应无恙，当惊世界殊！

已有 3486 次阅读 2017-1-15 21:24 |个人分类:科学正史|系统分类:科研笔记

李兆良：坤舆应无恙，当惊世界殊

【学术争鸣】《坤舆万国全图》到底出自何人之手？

Original 2016-11-10 CNKI双语汇 CNKI双语汇

《坤舆万国全图》，被西方称为“不可能的黑郁金香”，至今举世闻名。作为中国最早的世界地图，业界普遍认为《坤舆万国全图》是意大利的耶稣会教士利玛窦根据欧洲世界地图绘制的。然而，旅居美国的华裔学者，原香港生物科技研究院副院长,现任美洲郑和学会会长李兆良博士在日前公布的他本人的一项研究论证认为，中国在明代时就已经有了精准的测量技术，《坤舆万国全图》并非利玛窦作品，而是由明代中国人环球测绘的，这与与西方公认的地理大发现历史严重冲突。

《坤舆万国全图》被西方称为“不可能的黑郁金香”。不可能，因为它记载的一些地理是欧洲人200年后才到达的，仅从这点，已经泄露了地图的秘密。以前被认为是意大利的耶稣会教士利玛窦根据欧洲世界地图绘制的，事实上，《坤舆万国全图》是中国人在1430年左右完成，在哥伦布到达美洲前60年。利玛窦添加了欧洲探险家宣称的几个地名。大部分的测量实际上是郑和在1405至1424年间航行测绘获得的数据，成图于1430年左右。李兆良表示无论是从地图还是大量文物和文化遗产上，都能找到许多证据证明《坤舆万国全图》不是利玛窦根据欧洲地图编绘的，而是在郑和下西洋的时代中国人完成测绘。

Kunyu Wanguo Quantu (Fig. 1) is nicknamed “Impossible Black Tulip” by Europeans, because it portrays geography that is unknown to European until 200 years later. This reveals the secret of the map. Previously it was considered to be drawn by the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci based on European World map. In fact, Kunyu Wanguo Quantu was completed around 1430 by Chinese, 60 years before Columbus arriving in America. Matteo Ricci added the names of a few places which European explorers claimed. Most of the survey data actually was obtained and mapped by Zheng He's group between 1405 and 1424, and the map was completed around 1430. Based on maps and large numbers of Chinese cultural relics and culture heritage left in America, Dr. Siu-Leung Lee, president of Zheng HeSociety of the Americas, claims that Kunyu Wanguo Quantu was not authored byMatteo Ricci.

一、

非洲正南端,中国人命名为罗经正峰，以校准真北磁北。西方翻译为CapeAgulhas（“针角”），只有罗盘的局部意义，表明中国先于欧洲命名，并已越过南非南端，不是止于肯尼亚。北美西部的准确地理是欧洲人在利玛窦去世后200年才知道的，这是推翻欧洲测绘的有力论据。

First: For a starter, Chinese people named the southern tip of Africa asLuo Jing Zheng Feng（罗经正峰）, to discern true north andmagnetic north. It is mistranslated as Cape Agulhas (“Cape of Needle”), which has only partial meaning of compass.The Chinese naming the southern tip of Africa before Europeans means Chinese already passed the southern tip of Africa and did not just stop in Kenya. Theaccurate geographical location of western North America not known/explored by Europeans until 200 years after the death of Matteo Ricci is a powerful argument to overturn European authorship of the map.

二、

利玛窦在中国主要是传教和著述，不是绘制地图。利玛窦在序言中特别提到，“乃取敝邑原图及通志诸书，重为考定，订其旧译之谬，与其度数之失，兼增国名数百”。此段暗示数据采自中国的文献。“通志诸书”，指中国地理方志。《坤舆万国全图》中有1114个地名，其中一半没有出现在欧洲地图上。利玛窦无法创造与地理吻合的地名。
Second: the primary goal of Matteo Ricci was mainly to evangelize China, not todraw maps. Matteo Ricci mentioned in the preface: “Itook the original map of my country and general chronicles (from China),revised the erroneous translation and coordinates, and added several hundred country names”. This section suggests that Matteo Ricci's data was obtained from the Chinese literature. “General Chronicles” are local records of Chinese history and geography. Half of the 1114 place names in Kunyu Wanguo Quantu do not have equivalents in European maps. Matteo Ricci could not create the place names consistent with the geography.

三、

一向认为中国人只知道天圆地方，以为是利玛窦带来西方地理学，是错误的。中国汉代已有浑天说，知道地球如鸡子，是球形，居宇宙之内，知道不同纬度的区域昼夜长短不一。用天圆地方限制古代中国的天文学知识是没有道理的。

Third: the notion that Chinese only knew “the sky is round and the earth is square” and that Ricci brought geography to China is wrong. In Han dynasty, the theory of spherical universe and spherical earth was known. And people knew the day and night at different latitudes are different. Therefore, limiting the understanding of ancient Chinese astronomers is biased.

四、

《坤舆万国全图》的欧洲部分缺少了佛罗伦萨、托斯卡纳等文艺复兴的地名，更没有教皇领地(PapalStates)，利玛窦是耶稣会士，出生于文艺复兴时期的意大利，不标示这些地名，与他的身份和时代是完全不符的。

Fourth: prominent names during the Renaissance, such as Florence and Tuscany,are missing on Kunyu Wanguo Quantu. Even the Papal States is not marked. Matteo Ricci is an Italian Jesuit born in the Renaissance period. Not labelingthese places is completely unreasonable and inconsistent with Ricci's identity and his era.

以上事实明显揭示，《坤舆万国全图》是明代郑和大航海测绘的成果，上面有少数地名来自利玛窦，但是利玛窦与他同时的欧洲人没有地理测绘上的参与。卫匡国（另一位耶稣会神父，他来中国是明清之交最混乱的时候（1643年至1651年, 8年）。返回欧洲后，卫匡国出版了《中国新地图集》,以当时的时间与技术不可能测绘全中国，卫匡国只能翻译原有的中国地图，提供了进一步的证据，明代有技术能力测量经纬，用球形投影绘制覆盖大面积的地图。现代地图学不是西学东渐，是明代中国人具备的技术。

The above analysis reveals that Kunyu Wanguo Quantu is based onthe survey result of Zheng He's navigation in Mingdynasty. Some place names were added by Matteo Ricci, but Matteo and other Europeans did not participate in the geographical survey of the map. Martino Martini, another Jesuit priest, came to China when it was the most chaotic time at the turn of Ming and Qing dynasty (1643 to 1651, 8 years). After returning to Europe, Martino Martini published Novus Atlas Sinensis. Martini could nothave surveyed China with the technology within this period. He could only translate from existing Chinese maps. This provides further evidence that theMing dynasty had the technical ability to survey latitude and longitude, and drawing spherical projection maps of large areas.

相关结果发表于《测绘科学》2016年第41卷第7期。【图片见原件。此处从略。】

The research findings are published in the No.7 issue of Science ofSurveying and Mapping, 2016, vol. 41.

注：该篇论文“明代中国人环球测绘《坤舆万国全图》——兼论《坤舆万国全图》的作者不是利玛窦” 已被中国知网（CNKI）“中文期刊外文版数字出版工程”（JTP）收录，原文和配套的学术新闻将被译制成中外文对照版，在海内外广泛传播。中、英文原文已经在《中文精品学术期刊中英双语数据库》http://jtp.cnki.net中上线，敬请关注！

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相关结果发表于《测绘科学》2016年第41卷第7期。

The research findings are published in the No.7 issueof Science ofSurveying and Mapping, 2016, vol.41.

注：该篇论文“明代中国人环球测绘《坤舆万国全图》——兼论《坤舆万国全图》的作者不是利玛窦
”已被中国知网（CNKI）“中文期刊外文版数字出版工程”（JTP）收录，原文和配套的学术新闻将被译制成中外文对照版，在海内外广泛传播。中、英文原文已经在《中文精品学术期刊中英双语数据库》http://jtp.cnki.net中上线，敬请关注！