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[打听,科普,数学] 素数(26):北美 13年、17年蝉的成因是什么?
蝉: cicada
13年和17年的生命周期: 13- and 17-year life cycles
素数: prime number
算术基本定理: fundamental theorem of arithmetic
素数计数函数: prime counting function
素数定理: prime number theorem
对数积分: logarithmic integral
唯一分解定理: unique factorization theorem
黎曼假设: Riemann Hypothesis
希尔伯特的第 8问题: Hilbert's 8th Problem
一、北美有两种周期蝉:13年、17年蝉
13年蝉有四种,17年蝉有三种。
表1 周期蝉现存的15个种群

https://www.kepuchina.cn/article/articleinfo?business_type=100&classify=0&ar_id=271011
二、印度北部有周期 4年的世界杯蝉 Chrenemitica ribhoi;斐济有周期 8年的 Raiateana knowlesi 蝉
Truly periodical organisms, where adults emerge at a particular location only once in a set number of years and not at any other time, are rare and fascinating (e.g., 54, 57, 58, 118). The most wellknown periodical insects are the seven species of North American periodical cicadas in the genus Magicicada; in addition, in northeast India, the World Cup cicada Chremistica ribhoi, traditionally known as the Niangtaser, emerges every four years, coinciding with the football (soccer) World Cup (51), and in Fiji, the Nanai, Raiateana knowlesi, has a perfectly periodical eight-year cycle (36, 46). Magicicada,Nanai, and Niangtaser were prized as food, ornaments, and/or gifts by indigenous peoples long before scientists took notice of them (36, 50, 71, 146).
真正的周期性生物,即成虫在特定地点每几年只出现一次,而不是在任何其他时间出现,是罕见而迷人的(例如,54、57、58、118)。最著名的周期性昆虫是Magicicada属的七种北美周期性蝉;此外,在印度东北部,世界杯蝉Chrenemitica ribhoi,传统上被称为Niangtaser,每四年出现一次,恰逢足球世界杯(51),在斐济,Nanai,Raiateana knowlesi,有一个完美的八年周期(36,46)。早在科学家注意到它们之前,Magicicada、Nanai和Niangtaser就被土著人民视为食物、装饰品和/或礼物(36、50、71、146)。
三、生物有一定的感知“素数-非素数”的能力
In the present work we covered the current evidence on the occurrence of prime numbers in animal strategies, either for species’ survival or for cognitive processing. The aim was that of stimulating critical thinking on the possibility of some properties of prime numbers being embedded in nature and inherently perceived by animals. This would be possible thank to some peculiar characteristics that define these numbers and make it possible to discriminate them from non-primes. We believe that the reported data ultimately provide some insights onto analogous mechanisms that can serve for prime number identification paving the path for future investigations aimed at uncovering the underlying biological basis. We expect this work to highlight the role of non-mathematical strategies employed in numerical tasks, with the added aim of fostering a stimulating debate on the naturalistic properties of numbers. Recalling the words of the physicist Arnoldo Penzias, "Should the Universe end tomorrow, 7 would still be a prime number" [60].
【机器翻译】在本研究中,我们探讨了动物策略中素数出现的最新证据,无论是为了物种的生存还是认知过程。其目的是激发对素数的某些性质嵌入自然界并被动物固有感知的可能性的批判性思考。这将是可能的,这要归功于一些特殊的特征,这些特征定义了这些数字,并使它们与非素数区分开来。我们认为,报告的数据最终为类似的机制提供了一些见解,这些机制可以用于素数识别,为未来旨在揭示潜在生物学基础的研究铺平了道路。我们希望这项工作能够突出数字任务中使用的非数学策略的作用,并进一步促进对数字自然主义性质的辩论。回想物理学家阿诺多·彭齐亚斯的话,“如果宇宙明天结束,7仍然是一个素数”[60]。
参考资料:
[1] 科普中国,2021-12-31,这两种周期蝉每221年一相遇
https://www.kepuchina.cn/article/articleinfo?business_type=100&classify=0&ar_id=271011
[2] 科普中国,2025-09-17,揭秘周期蝉数学生存术:蛰伏13或17年为何能保命?
https://www.kepuchina.cn/article/articleinfo?business_type=100&classify=0&ar_id=635003
[3] 2022-12-21,一生三模样的蝉,秦自民,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=488567&Type=bkdzb&SubID=743
以前的《科学网》相关博文链接:
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[5] 2026-03-19 14:45,[汇集,科普,数学] 1900年希尔伯特的 23个问题(英文版,简版)
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[7] 2026-03-05 21:30,[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(2):素数定理 prime number theorem 之一
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1524561.html
[8] 2026-03-04 15:36,[笔记,科普,数学] 素数(1):算术基本定理 fundamental theorem of arithmetic
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1524368.html
[9] 2024-11-17 22:51,[数学文化,客观派,讨论] 欧几里得对“素数有无穷多个”研究的有效性
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[11] 2026-03-06 01:24,[资源,科普,数学] 素数表(质数表,小于 200000) list of primes, prime numbers
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