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About your third question, the answer is either too depressing or too uncertain. If you are interested in where we humans as a race stand in terms of "point of no return," this lecture at the Fall AGU 2012 is the latest (depressing) outlook I have seen:
Union Frontiers of Geophysics Lecture - Professor Sir Bob Watson, CMG, FRS, Chief Scientific Adviser to Defra
I have B.S. and M.S. in meteorology and Ph.D. in physical oceanography. So, in theory I can understand all experts' views on global warming and climate change.
What I have been saying all along is that it is A BIG MISTAKE to use "global warming" or "climate change" to label human's contribution of CO2 emission into the atmosphere (and eventually the world ocean). Temperature changes daily and seasonally, much more than "the warming trend" for the last 100 years. (Does anyone know the answer of how much the global mean surface temperature has warmed up for the last 100 years?) Even for sea level changes, some parts of the world ocean experienced sea level DROP while the rest saw increase.
However, if we look at sea water acidification, there is NO DOUBT that humans are impact the Earth system. Roughly, 1/3 of the CO2 emitted into the atmosphere ends up in the world ocean. I doubt any "anti-global warming" scientists or politicians can dispute this FACT.