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数学家的墓碑 精选

已有 30286 次阅读 2014-4-5 13:48 |系统分类:科普集锦

   一些数学家生前献身于数学研究,死后在其墓碑上镌刻着代表着他们生平业绩的标志。其墓碑上往往刻着某些图形或某些数,这些形和数,展现着他们一生的执著追求和闪光的业绩。

古希腊数学家阿基米德的墓碑上,刻着一个“圆柱容球”的几何图形,即圆柱容器里放了一个球,该球顶天立地,四周碰边。在该图形中,球的体积是圆柱体积的2/3,并且球的表面积也是圆柱表面积的2/3,这是阿基米德最为满意的一个数学发现。据说也是靠这个图形识别出阿基米德之墓。

 

阿基米德之墓

   丢番图的出生日期不可考,但其墓碑上有一道数学题:

   坟中安葬着丢番图,多么令人惊讶,它忠实地记录了所经历的道路。

   上帝给予的童年占六分之一,

   又过了十二分之一,两颊长胡,

   再过七分之一,点燃起结婚的蜡烛。

   五年之后天赐贵子,

   可怜迟来的儿子,享年仅及其父之半,便进入冰冷的墓。

   悲伤只有用数论的研究去弥补,又过了四年,他也走完了人生的旅途。

   终于告别数学,离开了人世。

 

鲁道夫之墓

鲁道夫··科伊伦(Ludolph van Ceulen,1540—1610)在 1600 年成为荷兰莱顿大学的第一位数学教授,但其把主要精力全都放在了求解圆周率的更精确的值上。他选择了简单而繁琐的阿基米德式方法对圆周率进行逼近,最后得到墓碑上结果,使用的多边形达到262 条边,把圆周率算到小数后35位,是当时世界上最精确的圆周率数值。对于这位数学家来说,一个数字足以给他的生命无与伦比的光环和荣耀。

π=3.141 592 653 589 793 238 462 643 383 279 502 88  

笛卡儿

中间那块是笛卡儿的墓碑

笛卡尔安眠在圣日耳曼-德-普莱教堂,是巴黎最古老的教堂。笛卡尔的著作在生前被禁,其骨灰在死后一百多年才被迁葬到这座教堂。历史上伟大的思想者常常是在死后才得到他应有的尊敬。

 

牛顿之墓

牛顿之墓碑

牛顿之墓位于威斯敏斯特教堂的“科学家之角”。墓碑由威廉·肯特(1685—1748)设计,麦克尔·赖斯布拉克(1694—1770)雕做,所用材料为灰白相间的理石。石棺上镶有图板,描绘的是一群男孩在使用牛顿的数学仪器。石棺上方为牛顿斜卧姿态的塑像,他的右肘支靠处,绘列着他为人熟知的几项创举。他的左手指向一幅由两个男孩持握的卷轴,卷面展解着一项数学设计。背景雕塑是一个圆球,球上画有黄道十二宫和相关星座,还描绘着出现于1680年那颗彗星的运行轨迹。墓碑上的拉丁铭文为:

此地安葬的是艾撒克·牛顿勋爵,他用近乎神圣的心智和独具特色的数学原则,探索出行星的运动和形状、彗星的轨迹、海洋的潮汐、光线的不同谱调和由此而产生的其他学者以前所未能想像到的颜色的特性。以他在研究自然、古物和圣经中的勤奋、聪明和虔诚,他依据自己的哲学证明了至尊上帝的万能,并以其个人的方式表述了福音书的简明至理。人们为此欣喜:人类历史上曾出现如此辉煌的荣耀。他生于1642年12月25日,卒于1726/7年3月20日。

 

雅各布之墓

雅各布·伯努利就对等角螺线进行了许多研究,发现等角曲线在反演、求渐屈线、求垂足曲线、等比例放大等等变换后仍然是原先的等角曲线。对于这些性质伯努利感到十分惊讶,决定把等角曲线作为自己的墓志铭,还加上一句双关语“Eadem mutata resurgo。”(我虽然变了,但却和原来一样)但为他雕刻墓碑的工匠也许是数学水平不高,也许就是嫌麻烦,最后给墓碑上雕刻的图竟是毫不相关的阿基米德螺线。伯努利若九泉有知,怕是死不瞑目了。

 

高斯之墓

高斯的墓碑朴实无华,仅镌刻“高斯”二字。为纪念高斯,其故乡布伦瑞克改名为高斯堡。哥廷根大学立了一个正十七棱柱为底座的纪念像。在慕尼黑博物馆悬挂的高斯画像上有这样一首题诗:他的思想深入数学、空间、大自然的奥秘,他测量了星星的路径、地球的形状和自然力,他推动了数学的进展,直到下个世纪。

 

 

陈省身之墓

陈省身的墓碑由两块石头组成,一块是汉白玉,另一块是贴在白色汉白玉上的黑色花岗岩。墓碑整体横截面为曲边三角形,象征数学史上著名的高斯-邦内-陈(Gauss-Bonnet-Chern)公式的最简单的情形。墓碑的正面犹如一块黑板,上半部写有数学符号和公式,那是墓碑的主人之一国际数学大师陈省身先生在美国任教时手书讲义中的高斯-邦内-陈公式,整个素朴的墓园犹如一个开放的露天教室,随时欢迎人们来这里自由自在地辩论。

 

陈景润之墓碑

  陈景润屈居于一间6平方米小屋,借助一盏昏暗的煤油灯,伏在床板上,用一支笔,耗去了6麻袋的草稿纸,攻克了世界著名数学猜想“哥德巴赫猜想”中的“1+2”,创造了距摘取这颗数论皇冠上的明珠“1+1”只有一步之遥的辉煌。

俄罗斯新圣女墓地数学家之墓

 

 

 



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IP: 61.175.228.*   | 赞 +1 [29]陈伊凡   2014-4-30 16:46
徐老师好文章,谢谢分享。
回复    
2014-5-1 10:031 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
IP: 60.191.1.*   | 赞 +1 [28]李冬   2014-4-6 10:24
徐老师好文!
学习了,谢谢!
回复  谢谢!
2014-4-6 10:331 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
IP: 112.65.211.*   | 赞 +1 [27]李吉有   2014-4-6 09:57
很抱歉,少算了上下表面了!
回复  谢谢!
2014-4-6 10:071 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
IP: 111.196.70.*   | 赞 +1 [26]文克玲   2014-4-6 09:49
26楼的两个论断都错了。
回复  谢谢文老师。
2014-4-6 10:071 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
IP: 112.65.211.*   | 赞 +1 [25]李吉有   2014-4-6 09:34
楼主好,第一个我算了两个表面积应该相等啊。。。如果都是2:3,违背了相同表面积下球的体积最大这个事实
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2014-4-6 10:061 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
IP: 139.227.241.*   | 赞 +1 [24]QDA2012   2014-4-6 08:44
昨天电视上介绍了一些国人的墓碑,其中就有陈景润的。感觉在中国有大墓碑是件挺奢侈的事,相当于住了独栋大别墅
回复    
2014-4-6 10:081 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
IP: 70.112.203.*   | 赞 +1 [23]薛加民   2014-4-6 06:18
哈!地质界的老师都注意到了“黑色花岗岩”这一个词。可能是大理石吧?花岗岩里面似乎都是麻麻点点的。
IP: 204.213.244.*   | 赞 +1 [22]孙启高   2014-4-5 23:53
西方很多教堂地下室的部分空间用作墓地。伦敦的Westminster Abbey,我去过两次。
http://www.westminster-abbey.org/
牛顿之墓位于威斯敏斯特教堂
Westminster Abbey is also the place where some of the most significant people in the nation's history are buried or commemorated. Taken as a whole the tombs and memorials comprise the most significant single collection of monumental sculpture anywhere in the United Kingdom.
-------------------
Westminster Abbey is steeped in more than a thousand years of history. Benedictine monks first came to this site in the middle of the tenth century, establishing a tradition of daily worship which continues to this day.
The Abbey has been the coronation church since 1066 and is the final resting place of seventeen monarchs.
The present church, begun by Henry III in 1245, is one of the most important Gothic buildings in the country, with the medieval shrine of an Anglo-Saxon saint still at its heart.
A treasure house of paintings, stained glass, pavements, textiles and other artefacts, Westminster Abbey is also the place where some of the most significant people in the nation's history are buried or commemorated. Taken as a whole the tombs and memorials comprise the most significant single collection of monumental sculpture anywhere in the United Kingdom.
The Library and Muniment Room houses the important (and growing) collections of archives, printed books and manuscripts belonging to the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, providing a centre for their study and for research into all aspects of the Abbey's long and varied history.
-------------------------
http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/sir-isaac-newton
Isaac Newton was born at Woolsthorpe in the parish of Colsterworth, Lincolnshire on Christmas Day 1642, only son of Isaac, a farmer, and his wife Hannah (Ayscough). His father died before his birth and his mother married again and had three more children. He was educated in Grantham and at Trinity College Cambridge and became a Fellow of Trinity in 1667 and was Lucasian Professor from 1669 to 1702. Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1672, Newton served as its President from 1705 to 1727. He became Master of the Mint in 1699 and was knighted in April 1705.
Newton is most commonly known for his conception of the law of universal gravitation, but his other discoveries and inventions in mathematics (e.g. the binomial theorem, differential and integral calculus), optics, mechanics, and astronomy place him at the very forefront of all scientists. His study and understanding of light, the invention of the reflecting telescope (1668), and his revelation in his Principia of the mathematical ordering of the universe are all represented on his monument in Westminster Abbey.
Newton died unmarried at Kensington on 20 March 1727 and was buried in Westminster Abbey on 28 March. Before the funeral his body lay in state in the Jerusalem Chamber (a room in the Deanery) and his coffin was followed to its grave by most of the Fellows of the Royal Society. The Lord Chancellor, the Dukes of Montrose and Roxburgh and the Earls of Pembroke, Sussex and Macclesfield were pall bearers. The Hon.Sir Michael Newton was chief mourner (London Journal 8 April 1727)
Newton's grave is in front of the choir screen, close to his monument. The Latin inscription on it reads:
Hic depositum est, quod mortale fuit Isaaci Newtoni.
This may be translated as:
'Here lies that which was mortal of Isaac Newton'.
Newton's Monument
Newton's monument stands in the nave against the choir screen, to the north of the entrance to the choir. It was executed by the sculptor Michael Rysbrack (1694-1770) to the designs of the architect William Kent (1685-1748) and dates from 1731.
The monument is of white and grey marble. Its base bears a Latin inscription (see below) and supports a sarcophagus with large scroll feet and a relief panel. The latter depicts boys using instruments related to Newton's mathematical and optical work (including the telescope and prism) and his activity as Master of the Mint. Above the sarcophagus is a reclining figure of Newton, in classical costume, his right elbow resting on several books representing his great works. They are labelled 'Divinity', 'Chronology', 'Opticks' [1704] and 'Philo. Prin. Math' [Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica, 1686-7)]. With his left hand he points to a scroll with a mathematical design shown on it (the 'converging series'), held by two standing winged boys. The painting on this scroll had been erased or cleaned off in the early 19th century and was re-painted in 1977 from details in Newton's manuscripts. The background is a pyramid on which is a celestial globe with the signs of the Zodiac, of the constellations, and with the path of the comet of 1680. On top of the globe sits a figure of Astronomy leaning upon a book.
The monument originally stood out against the flat front of the choir screen, but was enclosed within the present decorative arch when Edward Blore re-modelled the screen in 1834.
Inscription
The inscription reads:
"H. S. E. ISAACUS NEWTON Eques Auratus, / Qui, animi vi prope divinâ, / Planetarum Motus, Figuras, / Cometarum semitas, Oceanique Aestus. Suâ Mathesi facem praeferente / Primus demonstravit: / Radiorum Lucis dissimilitudines, / Colorumque inde nascentium proprietates, / Quas nemo antea vel suspicatus erat, pervestigavit. / Naturae, Antiquitatis, S. Scripturae, / Sedulus, sagax, fidus Interpres / Dei O. M. Majestatem Philosophiâ asseruit, / Evangelij Simplicitatem Moribus expressit. / Sibi gratulentur Mortales, / Tale tantumque exstitisse / HUMANI GENERIS DECUS. / NAT. XXV DEC. A.D. MDCXLII. OBIIT. XX. MAR. MDCCXXVI"
This can be translated as follows:
"Here is buried Isaac Newton, Knight, who by a strength of mind almost divine, and mathematical principles peculiarly his own, explored the course and figures of the planets, the paths of comets, the tides of the sea, the dissimilarities in rays of light, and, what no other scholar has previously imagined, the properties of the colours thus produced. Diligent, sagacious and faithful, in his expositions of nature, antiquity and the holy Scriptures, he vindicated by his philosophy the majesty of God mighty and good, and expressed the simplicity of the Gospel in his manners. Mortals rejoice that there has existed such and so great an ornament of the human race! He was born on 25th December 1642, and died on 20th March 1726".
The date of death is given in contemporary Old Style dating, which in present dating is 1727.
The poet Alexander Pope had written an epitaph for Newton but this was not allowed to be put on the monument in the Abbey "Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night: God said, Let Newton be! and all was light".
Newton's niece Catherine Barton married John Conduitt, whose monument is at the opposite end of the nave to Isaac's. Conduitt commissioned the Newton monument.
------------------------
•        Sir Isaac Newton
John Conduitt
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Charles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury on 12 February 1809, son of Robert Waring Darwin (1766-1848) and Susannah, daughter of Josiah Wedgwood. He studied with his brother Erasmus at Edinburgh University but disliked the idea of following in his father’s footsteps as a doctor. At Cambridge University he became very much interested in natural history and sailed on the ship HMS Beagle in 1831 to South America and the Galapagos islands. In 1839 he married his cousin Emma Wedgwood and they went to live at Downe, a small village in Kent. His famous work “The Origin of Species by natural selection” was published in 1859 and he continued working although his health was often poor. He died at Down House on 19 April 1882.
Burial
The Dean of Westminster, George Granville Bradley, was away in France when he received a telegram forwarded from the President of the Royal Society in London saying “…it would be acceptable to a very large number of our fellow-countrymen of all classes and opinions that our illustrious countryman, Mr Darwin, should be buried in Westminster Abbey”. The Dean recalled “ I did not hesitate as to my answer and telegraphed direct…that my assent would be cheerfully given”. The body lay overnight in the Abbey, in the small chapel of St Faith, and on the morning of 26 April the coffin was escorted by the family and eminent mourners into the Abbey. The pall-bearers included Sir Joseph Hooker, Alfred Russel Wallace, James Russell Lowell (U.S. Ambassador), and William Spottiswoode (President of the Royal Society).
The burial service was held in the Lantern, conducted by Canon Prothero, with anthems sung by the choir. The chief mourners then followed the coffin into the north aisle of the Nave where Darwin was buried next to the eminent scientist Sir John Herschel, and a few feet away from Sir Isaac Newton. The simple inscription on his grave reads
“CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN BORN 12 FEBRUARY 1809. DIED 19 APRIL 1882”.
Although an agnostic, Darwin was greatly respected by his contemporaries and the Bishop of Carlisle, Harvey Goodwin, in a memorial sermon preached in the Abbey on the Sunday following the funeral, said “I think that the interment of the remains of Mr Darwin in Westminster Abbey is in accordance with the judgment of the wisest of his countrymen…It would have been unfortunate if anything had occurred to give weight and currency to the foolish notion which some have diligently propagated, but for which Mr Darwin was not responsible, that there is a necessary conflict between a knowledge of Nature and a belief in God…”. A later, widely believed, rumour of a “deathbed conversion” to Christianity was denied by his daughter, who was actually present at his death.
A bronze memorial, with a life-sized relief bust, was erected by his family in the north choir aisle, near to the grave, in 1888. The sculptor was Sir J.E. Boehm. The inscription just says simply DARWIN.
IP: 204.213.244.*   | 赞 +1 [21]孙启高   2014-4-5 23:37
非常崇敬阿基米德!
阿基米德「给我一个支点,我就可以舉起整個地球。」
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7
阿基米德(希腊语:Αρχιμήδης,公元前287年—公元前212年),古希腊哲学家、数学家、物理学家、发明家、工程师、天文学家。[1]出生于西西里岛的叙拉古。阿基米德到过亞歷山卓,据说他住在亞歷山卓时期发明了阿基米德式螺旋抽水机,今天在埃及仍旧使用着。第二次布匿战争时期,罗马大军围攻叙拉古,最后阿基米德不幸死在罗马士兵之手。阿基米德对物理学的影响如此之深远,以至于后世称他为“物理之神”;而对于数学的贡献使阿基米德一般被认为是古代最伟大的数学家和所有时代最伟大数学家之一。[2][3]他成为了有史以来最伟大的三位数学家之首(其余两位分别为牛顿和高斯)。[4]
出生        約公元前287年
大希臘西西里西拉鳩斯

逝世        約公元前212年
西拉鳩斯

现居地        锡拉库扎

學派        亞歷山大的歐幾里德
自然哲學

主要領域        數學、物理學、工程學、天文學、發明

著名思想        流體靜力學、槓桿原理、阿基米德螺線


阿基米德的父親是天文學家和數學家,所以他從小受家庭影響,十分喜愛數學。大概在他九歲時,父親送他到埃及的亞歷山大城唸書,亞歷山大城是當時西方世界的知識、文化中心,學者雲集,舉凡文學、數學、天文學、醫學的研究都很發達,阿基米德在這裏跟隨許多著名的數學家學習,包括有名的幾何學大師—歐幾里得,因此奠定了他日後從事科學研究的基礎。
IP: 76.123.53.*   | 赞 +1 [20]陈威华   2014-4-5 23:19
Mark好文
IP: 111.196.70.*   | 赞 +1 [19]文克玲   2014-4-5 23:11
网络资料:
1962年,南非深黑第一次从南非出口到意大利之后,这种黑色花岗岩被称做Nero Assoluto,意大利人翻译为纯黑。另外可供选择的名字有:南非黑檀木、南非黑和大草原。南非出产的黑色花岗岩很多都富含矿物小颗粒,以至看起来与加拿大产的寒武纪黑很相似,并且那些比较不黑的天然石材有些矿物晶体,闪烁着星星般银白的的光芒。
19世纪60年代,从意大利、安哥拉、中国、印度、南非、津巴布韦和一些其他国家开采的黑色花岗岩一般都被叫做Nero Assoluto。所以,除非有特别突出的特点,不然你见的一块石头有可能来自任何一个国家。
印度在19世纪60年代后期开始出口高档的纯黑色花岗岩,到70年代后期,在一些有纪念意义的建筑中,印度纯黑色花岗岩已被广泛使用,大板的出口量也急剧增加。质量最好,价格合理的纯黑色花岗岩产自于印度南部。然而这些黑色花岗岩有些很娇贵,比如坎曼黑,在一些工程中使用要采取谨慎的防护措施,即使是厨房台面板都会被刮伤或磨损。
IP: 123.150.182.*   | 赞 +1 [18]吉凤宝   2014-4-5 22:50
黑色花岗岩着实第一次听说。。。
IP: 210.72.128.*   | 赞 +1 [17]张忆文   2014-4-5 22:29
祝贺徐老师博文被置顶!
回复  感谢张老师的支持!
2014-4-5 22:381 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
IP: 184.160.110.*   | 赞 +1 [16]Majorite   2014-4-5 21:53
黑色花岗岩?有着颜色的花岗岩吗?
回复  不是很清楚。
2014-4-5 22:131 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
IP: 122.86.17.*   | 赞 +1 [15]tlw2013   2014-4-5 21:52
   有信仰
回复  谢谢,晚安!
2014-4-5 22:121 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
IP: 59.73.214.*   | 赞 +1 [14]李汝资   2014-4-5 20:52
收藏了!
回复    
2014-4-5 21:471 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
IP: 180.174.16.*   | 赞 +1 [13]孙伟   2014-4-5 20:17
徐老师,最后一个是哪位俄罗斯数学家的墓?谢谢!
回复  不好意思。
2014-4-5 20:251 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
IP: 1.202.187.*   | 赞 +1 [12]杨华磊   2014-4-5 19:43
不错
回复    
2014-4-5 20:261 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
IP: 111.196.70.*   | 赞 +1 [11]文克玲   2014-4-5 19:06
那几个后来加的红字还得去掉。
我准备用Pi做密码,所以记得25位。
回复  谢谢文老师!
2014-4-5 19:101 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
IP: 111.196.70.*   | 赞 +1 [10]文克玲   2014-4-5 19:00
应该是博主引用的资料有错,后面的19位都对。
回复  谢谢,我改过来了。
2014-4-5 19:021 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
IP: 111.196.70.*   | 赞 +1 [9]文克玲   2014-4-5 18:44
圆周率错了,....9793....,不是....9794.....。
回复  是的,他算错了。
2014-4-5 18:481 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
IP: 123.235.87.*   | 赞 +1 [8]刘强   2014-4-5 18:38
jacob, I mean
回复  谢谢!
2014-4-5 18:551 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
IP: 123.235.87.*   | 赞 +1 [7]刘强   2014-4-5 18:27
Daniel Bernoulii的墓碑在瑞士吗?Basel还是哪里?谢谢
回复  应该是在瑞士Basel。他生前是Basel大学的教授。
2014-4-5 18:551 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
IP: 202.113.11.*   | 赞 +1 [6]杨正瓴   2014-4-5 18:07
正是。
   
还有:
中国科学报:《数学大师陈省身的南开居所》
来源: 中国科学报 2013年12月23日6版
http://news.nankai.edu.cn/mtnk/system/2013/12/25/000161178.shtml
http://news.sciencenet.cn/dz/dznews_photo.aspx?id=19177
彩图在:
http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-749566.html
IP: 111.199.89.*   | 赞 +1 [5]陈冬生   2014-4-5 17:54
谢谢!
回复  感谢陈老师的关注。
2014-4-5 17:551 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
IP: 222.70.91.*   | 赞 +1 [4]訚耀保   2014-4-5 17:45
这些科学家将人生悟出来了。
回复  感谢关注!
2014-4-5 17:461 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
IP: 202.113.11.*   | 赞 +1 [3]杨正瓴   2014-4-5 17:08
陈省身之墓
“新华网”2013-11-07俺的《走近黑板:数学大师陈省身的安息之地》
http://news.xinhuanet.com/foto/2013-11/07/c_125665601.htm
更多照片。
回复  谢谢,是您拍摄的吧。
2014-4-5 17:271 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
回复  您拍摄的效果很好!
2014-4-5 17:332 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |
IP: 112.234.116.*   | 赞 +1 [2]徐传胜   2014-4-5 16:00
感谢编辑老师的厚爱!
IP: 159.226.163.*   | 赞 +1 [1]蔡庆华   2014-4-5 15:10
徐老师有心了,好文共欣赏~
回复  谢谢!
2014-4-5 15:121 楼(回复楼主) 赞 +1 |

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