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何毓琦:麻省理工与哈佛博士教育之比较
编者按:现根据部分网民的要求,全文翻译《麻省理工与哈佛博士教育之比较
》一文,希望对中国读者有所帮助。
我成年后的整个生活几乎都是在马萨诸塞州的剑桥市渡过的。我从麻省理工获得本科和硕士学位,从哈佛获得博士学位,然后从1961年起一直在哈佛任教。这两所学校相距不到两英里(译者注:3.2公里左右),学生们可以互相选课,在一所学校学习可以获得另一学校的学分。在科学技术领域,两所学校开办了很多联合学位方向,研究人员也经常合作。(作者注:在医学和技术领域,两校还办了一个联合博士和医学博士方向,其最有名的毕业生是何大一——艾滋病鸡尾酒疗法的发明人,中国工程院外籍院士。)
然而,两校在教育理念和教育传统方面有诸多差异,很值得对比研究。
麻省理工的规模要大得多,学生人数和课程也多得多,他们努力确保其毕业生能够达到一个比较高的平均水平。从麻省理工毕业的人,肯定拥有某个专业的知识和技能,而且能够独力学习新知识。麻省理工的每门课业都相当繁重,大小考试不断。学生必须在这些考试测验中表现优异才能获得这门课的高分。我记得1955年离开麻省理工投身工业界的时候,我对电子学和伺服系统的最新进展知道得很多,可以立即着手研究这些领域的前沿问题。然而我的第一任老板也是个麻省理工博士,他派我去学习电子计算机,当时这是一个全新的领域。我对计算机一无所知,但是在麻省理工的训练使我完全能够自学。因此我后来在数字和电子控制方面取得了三项专利,还写出了我在这方面的第一篇论文。实际上,1958年我决定重返校园的时候,那家公司专门成立了一个部门来将我的发明产业化。
相反,哈佛大学的教育理念就更自由化一些。尽管哈佛学生要读的书也很多,考试测验却很少。常见的情况是,一门课的成绩完全由一篇期末论文或者一次期末考试来决定,甚至连博士资格考试也主要依靠一次三个小时的口头答辩,而不是像麻省理工那样既要通过复杂的书面考试又要通过答辩。(作者注:因为各系有权规定本系的资格考试细节,我这里讲的是总的情况。)简而言之,麻省理工的教学目标是确保每个学生成为某个方面的专家,而哈佛采取了一种更“放任自流”的态度。如果某个学生有点小聪明又不太刻苦,只要选那些容易的课程,再找几个不那么严厉的导师,也能获得博士学位,还有大把自由活动的时间供自己随心所欲地支配。因为我受中国传统教育长大,又在麻省理工求学多年,我刚到哈佛的时候很不习惯,觉得他们的做法太古怪了,我经常奇怪这个或那个专业的学生怎么连这个或那个都不懂,有时候我甚至质疑某个学生凭什么得到哈佛的博士学位。但是天长日久,我开始改变看法,我开始发现这两种精英培养理念、教育思路都有其可取之处,必要之处。麻省理工是批量生产,所以必须保证向社会输出大批合格的毕业生。对学业的种种规定和严格的考试有助于确保其“产品”的质量。相比之下,哈佛的科学技术学科的规模要小得多,所以目标也不一样。(作者注:哈佛的整个应用科学和工程学院只有麻省理工电子工程系三分之一那么大。)哈佛的教育理念更加开放自由,它不打算同麻省理工竞争,也不打算覆盖所有应用科学和工程技术学科。它鼓励学生广泛涉猎其它领域,到其它系去选课,比方说经济系和哲学系。从某种意义上说,它希望它的学生享有独立探索的自由,而不是投机取巧。大致说来,麻省理工设下了较高的产品平均质量标准,而且质量水平比较均匀,而哈佛也设下了较高的平均标准,但是毕业生的水平参差不齐,有的远远高于平均水平,有的则远远低于平均水平。这一点可以从哈佛与麻省理工的毕业生获得诺贝尔奖的人数和孕育的高科技公司的数量对比上得到部分验证——尽管两所学校在这两方面都取得了杰出的成绩,但是哈佛孕育了更多的诺贝尔奖获得者,而麻省理工孕育了更多的高科技公司。
我这样说,并不是为了证明其中一所学校的教育理念比另一所的更优越。这两者都为伟大的国家所需要,而且这世上并没有什么所谓的最好的教育理念,只有一个共同的目标——那就是教育学生,从而使学生掌握独立学习的能力,掌握提出问题而不仅仅是解决问题的能力。
另外一点值得注意的是,麻省理工和哈佛大学都是私立学校,因此他们不受政府法律法规的限制,在教学内容、教学方法、教学对象上拥有独立自主权。早年我访问中国的时候,常常抱怨中国教育和研究体制中条条框框太多,而且重数量不重质量。但是最近我开始意识到在发展中国家的过渡期,麻省理工的方法更有效,规章制度不严,就会天下大乱。当这个国家逐渐成熟,开始与世界接轨,向世界一流看齐的时候,将麻省理工与哈佛的理念结合在一起就很有必要了,当然这也要看各个学校的性质、规模和目标。(作者注:美国高等教育的质量参差不齐,从500美元一张的邮购博士毕业证到一流的以教学为主的学院,到顶尖的研究性公立和私立大学不等。)
(科学网 何姣译)
On Ph.D Education and Research (4)- MIT vs. Harvard
I spent almost my entire adult life (9/1950-2/1955, 2/1958-date) in Cambridge, MA and
received my B.S. and M.S. from MIT, and Ph.D from Harvard and taught at the latter
since 1961. The two schools are separated by less than two miles from each other.
Students from each school can take course from the other school and receive credit for
work done in the other school. In science and technology, the two schools have many
cooperative degree programs and colleagues often work together (NOTE: in the medical
science and technology they have a joint Ph.D and M.D. program and its most illustrious
graduate is David Ho, 何大一, the inventor of AIDS cocktail medicine, and foreign
member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering).
However, the two schools follow rather different educational philosophy and tradition
which are worth comparing.
MIT, being much larger in the number of students and courses, strives for guaranteeing
the high average quality of her graduates. You can be sure that a MIT graduate possesses
certain knowledge and skill and the ability to learn on his/her own. In each course, there
was always much home work, examinations and tests. You must do well on them in order
to receive a good grade. I remember when I left MIT for an industrial research job in
industry in 1955, I was well equipped with the latest in electronics and servomechanism
and was ready to tackle problems in those areas. My first boss, also an MIT Ph.D, instead
assigned me to learn all about the then nascent area of digital computers. I did not know
anything about digital computers. But MIT has prepared me well to learn on my own. As
a result, I received three patents on numerical and digital control and wrote my first paper
on the subject. The company actually established a division to commercialize the
inventions in 1958 when I decided to return to school.
Harvard, on the other hand, has a more liberal educational philosophy. While there are
heavy reading assignments, examination and tests are few. Often the entire course grade
is based on one term paper or one final exam. Ph.D qualifying examination are based on
one three hour oral examination as opposed to both extensive written and oral
examinations in the case of MIT (Note: detail regulations for qualifying exams are
determined by individual departments and many vary. I am only talking about general
principles here). Thus, in short, MIT wants to make sure that you KNOW certain things
while Harvard takes a more "lassie faire" attitude. A smart but lazy student can get
through Harvard by taking easy courses, work with not-so-strict advisers, and generally
have a lot of free time to do as s/he pleases. Given my Chinese upbringing and the MIT
training, I first found the Harvard approach rather un-nerving and un-settling. I often
wonder how can a student in this and that area not know such-and-such topic. Sometimes,
I even question how can this student qualify to receive a Ph.D degree from Harvard. But
over the years, I began to change my mind and see the wisdom and necessity of both
approaches to education and excellence. Being a volume producer, MIT has the
responsibility of graduating a large number of qualified students for society. Rigorous
testing and regulations on what students need to know are necessary to guarantee the
standard of her product. Harvard has a much smaller effort can aim differently (Note: the
entire school of applied science and engineering at Harvard is only one third the size of
the electrical engineering department of MIT). Harvard takes a more liberal attitude, does
not attempt to compete with MIT and cover every subject in applied science and
engineering. She encourages her students to range widely and take courses in other
departments, such as economics and philosophy. In a sense, she wants her good students
free to explore on their own and not to take the easiest way out. To put it very roughly,
MIT aims for high average and a narrow variance for her products while Harvard also
aims for a high average but permit more variance in hers. One partial evidence of this can
be seen in the number of Nobel prizes and high tech companies nurtured by Harvard vs.MIT
respectively – both have excellent records but Harvard is ahead in one category while
MIT in the other. By this I do not mean one approach is better than the other. A great country needs both. And there
is no one best educational philosophy but one common endeavor
– to educate you so that you can learn on your own and to be able to pose
problems rather than just solve problems. It is also worth noting both
MIT and Harvard are private institutions which means they are not subject
government regulations on what to teach, how to teach, and whom to teach.
In my earlier days of visiting China, I often complain about the excessive regulation and
quantitative vs qualitative measure in the Chinese educational and research system. But
more lately, I realize that in a developing country, the MIT approach perhaps is more
needed during the transitional phase. Without regulations and strict control, chaos and
abuse can prevail (天下大乱). As she matures and begins to ahere to the world standard
for quality, a combination of the MIT and Harvard approach can be then implemented.
This will also depends on the nature, size, and goal of the school involved (Note:
the range of quality of American higher education covers a wide spectrum ranging
from mail-order $500 ph.d. diploma mill to first rank teaching colleges to top
research public and private universities.).
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