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汉语是联合国官方正式使用的 6 种同等有效语言之一。请不要歧视汉语!
Chinese is one of the six equally effective official languages of the United Nations.
Not to discriminate against Chinese, please!
往日(11)之二:比 Fisher Z Transformation 更好:细节与相关的历史资料
核心:
我们2013年在《Transactions of Tianjin University》发表的一个初等显式函数,在逼近标准正态分布累积分布函数 erf 时,超过了国内外《数理统计学》教材里广泛使用的 Fisher z transformation 。
关键词:数理统计学,相关系数,置信区间,正态分布,累积分布函数,Fisher z transformation,初等函数,显式,高斯误差函数,非初等函数.
Keywords: mathematical statistics, correlation coefficient, confidence interval, normal distribution, cumulative distribution function, Fisher z transformation, elementary function, explicit, Gaussian error function, non-elementary function.
Fisher z-transformation , Fisher transformation , Fisher's z transform
本文是对 2022-06-21 《更好的标准正态分布累积分布 erf 逼近函数》的细节补充与历史上他人逼近函数的资料对照。
一、我们的“二次根式函数 Quadratic radical function”
2013年前后,我们找到两类比国内外《数理统计学》教材里广泛使用的“Fisher Z Transformation”更好的逼近“标准正态分布累积分布函数” erf 的初等函数。
其中 2013年在 Transactions of Tianjin University 刊登的“二次根式函数 Quadratic radical function”,由于特别简单,因此应该比 Fisher z transformation 更有用,特别是在要求快速计算的场合。
图1 2013年TTU论文第 382 局部截图
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12209-013-1978-8
王晶晶同学 2014年的一个综述论文《累积正态分布函数的逼近函数综述》,目前他人引用不低于 9 次,包括核心期刊《电工技术学报》(EI)、《弹道学报》、《上海交通大学学报》(EI)、《系统工程与电子技术》(EI)等的引用。
那时,我压根没想到该文会有他人引用!
二、与历史上同类函数的对照
主要来自:Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables (Partially Mathcad-enabled)
https://app.knovel.com/kn/resources/kpHMFFGMT1/toc
This 1972 book is a compendium of mathematical formulas, tables, and graphs. It contains a very complete table of analytical integrals, differential equations, and numerical series; and includes tables of trigonometric and hyperbolic functions, tables for numerical integration, rules for differentiation and integration, and techniques for point interpolation and function approximation. Additionally, the book devotes an entire section to mathematical and physical constants as fractions and powers of Pi, e, and prime numbers; and discusses statistics by presenting combinatorial analysis and probability functions. The coverage is extensive. In its more than 1000 pages, almost all mathematical areas are treated.
这本 1972 年出版的书是数学公式、表格和图表的纲要。它包含一个非常完整的解析积分、微分方程和数值级数表;包括三角函数和双曲函数表、数值积分表、微分和积分规则以及点插值和函数逼近技术。此外,本书用一整节来讨论数学和物理常数,即 Pi、e 和素数的分数和幂;并通过展示组合分析和概率函数来讨论统计数据。覆盖面很广。在其 1000 多页中,几乎涵盖了所有数学领域。
该网页与《Handbook of Mathematical Functions With Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables》(Abramowitz, Milton & Stegun, Irene A. November 1967.),即 U. S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards (美国商务部、美国国家标准局)出版的 Applied Mathematics Series 55 (应用数学系列 55)内容似一致。 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc40301/
现截图如下:
著名绅士孔乙己大人说:“读书人的事,能算偷么?”“君子固穷。”
该书第 931 ~ 933 页的局部截图如下:
网页 Handbook of Mathematical Functions With Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables
https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc40301/
里似乎可以免费下载该书:
PDF Version Also Available for Download.
三、历史是一面镜子,鉴古知今,学史明智
“欲知大道,必先为史。”历史是一面镜子,也是一本深刻的教科书。以史铸魂补钙、涵养科学精神。
网传法国人庞加莱说:“若想预见数学的将来,正确的方法是研究它的历史和现状。”
这位庞加莱(Jules Henri Poincaré, 1854-04-29 ~ 1912-07-12),一位几乎是“数学通”的超级数学家。人类历史上在排名前四位之内的数学家。
在 1972年著名数学史家 Morris Kline 的《Mathematical Thought From Ancient To Modern Times 古今数学思想》第4卷汉译本第96页,有一个超级数学家的排名:
(1)柯西、高斯:两个了解数学的人。
(2)庞加莱,希尔伯特:几乎是通才。
图2 Morris Kline, 1908-05-01 ~ 1992-01-10, 著名的数学史家
感谢老师们核对、批评我们的工作!
科技创新,全社会的责任:最好由其他老师们用各种计算机进行计算速度的测评。
遗憾的是,我们一直没有精力和时间去计算该函数的“渐近均值 asymptotic mean”,“渐近方差 asymptotic variance”。
参考资料:
[1] Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables (Partially Mathcad-enabled)
https://app.knovel.com/kn/resources/kpHMFFGMT1/toc
[2] Handbook of Mathematical Functions With Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables
https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc40301/
A handbook of mathematical functions that is designed to provide scientific investigations with a comprehensive and self-contained summary of the mathematical functions that arise in physical and engineering problems.
xiv, 1046 p.
[3] MATLAB Function Reference, erf, erfc, erfcx, erfinv, erfcinv
http://www.ece.northwestern.edu/local-apps/matlabhelp/techdoc/ref/erf.html
For the error functions, the MATLAB code is a translation of a Fortran program by W. J. Cody, Argonne National Laboratory, NETLIB/SPECFUN, March 19, 1990. The main computation evaluates near-minimax rational approximations from [1].
For the inverse of the error function, rational approximations accurate to approximately six significant digits are used to generate an initial approximation, which is then improved to full accuracy by one step of Halley's method.
[4] erf, erfc, erfcx
https://www.math.clemson.edu/~warner/M860/Matlab/erf.html
[5] W. J. Cody. Rational Chebyshev Approximations for the Error Function [J]. Mathematics of Computation, 1969, 23(107): 631-637.
doi: 10.1090/S0025-5718-1969-0247736-4
[6] R. A. Fisher (Ronald Aylmer Fisher). Frequency distribution of the values of the correlation coefficient in samples from an indefinitely large population [J]. Biometrika, 1915, 10(4): 507-521. May 1915 https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/10.4.507
https://academic.oup.com/biomet/article/10/4/507/203628?login=true
[7] 王晶晶, 杨正瓴. 累积正态分布函数的逼近函数综述[J]. 计算机应用, 2014, 34(S2): 83-84, 90.
doi: 1001-9081( 2014) S2-0083-02
http://www.cqvip.com/QK/94832X/2014A02/663296953.html
https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JSJY2014S2024.htm
[8] Zhengling Yang, Zhifeng Duan, Jingjing Wang, Teng Wang, Yanwen Song, Jun Zhang. Quadratic radical function better than Fisher z transformation [J]. Transactions of Tianjin University, 2013, 19(5): 381–384.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12209-013-1978-8
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12209-013-1978-8
[9] Zheng-Ling Yang, Yan-Wen Song, Zhi-Feng Duan, Teng Wang, Jun Zhang. New Sigmoid-like function better than Fisher z transformation [J]. Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods, 2016, 45(8): 2332-2341.
DOI: 10.1080/03610926.2013.771750
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03610926.2013.771750?journalCode=lsta20
相关链接:
[1] 2022-06-21,往日(11):比 Fisher Z Transformation 更好的标准正态分布累积分布erf逼近函数
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1343914.html
[2] 2022-06-22,[小结] 我们在概率论、数理统计学方面的主要创新点(和应用)
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1344083.html
[3] 2022-06-05,[回忆] 我们的科技类代表性观点(或论文)(3):高原创部分
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1341672.html
[4] 2022-06-04,[回忆] 我们的科技类代表性观点(或论文)(2):部分完成或价值待定
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1341531.html
[5] 2022-06-03,[回忆] 我们的科技类代表性观点(或论文)(1):“常规”研究的部分
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1341405.html
[6] 2020-08-13,傻正式发表过的“文化”类部分稿件的目录
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1246209.html
[7] 2020-07-22,羡慕居里夫妇当初的科研条件
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1243092.html
感谢您的指教!
感谢您指正以上任何错误!
感谢您提供更多的相关资料!
——— 附录:数学参考资源网址 ———
(1)苏联数学百科全书 Encyclopedia of Mathematics
The Encyclopedia of Mathematics wiki is an open access resource designed specifically for the mathematics community. The original articles are from the online Encyclopaedia of Mathematics, published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2002. With more than 8,000 entries, illuminating nearly 50,000 notions in mathematics, the Encyclopaedia of Mathematics was the most up-to-date graduate-level reference work in the field of mathematics.
https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Main_Page
(2)NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions
2016-12-21 DLMF Update; Version 1.0.14
http://dlmf.nist.gov/
(3)NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions Hardback and CD-ROM
Edited by Frank W. J. Olver
University of Maryland and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Maryland
et al.
https://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521192255
http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521192255
(4)Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas,
Graphs, and Mathematical Tables (Partially Mathcad-enabled)
This 1972 book is a compendium of mathematical formulas, tables, and graphs. It contains a very complete table of analytical integrals, differential equations, and numerical series; and includes tables of trigonometric and hyperbolic functions, tables for numerical integration, rules for differentiation and integration, and techniques for point interpolation and function approximation.
https://app.knovel.com/web/toc.v/cid:kpHMFFGMT1/viewerType:toc/root_slug:handbook-mathematical/url_slug:handbook-mathematical/
(5)Alphabetical Index, MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/
(5-2)History Topics Index, MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/
The links below will take you to individual articles or to index pages for articles on these topics. School of Mathematics and Statistics , University of St Andrews, Scotland
感谢您提供更多的相关资源!
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