潘学峰诗论：十四行诗概论

严禁匿名转载

声明：有关系统绍介西方诗体的知识很少，因此，如果转载必须署名“潘学峰”

有关内容是我的《英语诗歌学概论》中的内容

十四行诗体（Sonnet)

最早在13世纪中期到14世纪中期西西里诗歌学派代表诗人之一贾科莫·德·Lentini(Giacomode Lentini)在组歌诗体的基础上创立而成。 除了创造出“十四行”诗体，贾科莫最终还创造了意大利语中的很多新的词汇，因此，十四行诗体首先在意大利流行，并在14世纪意大利文艺复兴结束之后经SirThomas Wyatt传至英国。Sir Thomas Wyatt和GeoffreyChaucer使得十四行诗体和英国当时乡村盛行的抒情诗和叙事诗结合，成为英语文化中最普遍的诗体。十四行诗体在16世纪末期和17世纪早期的英格兰得到了诗人的热衷，包括Wyatt、SirPhilip Sydney、Edmund Spenser、  William Shakespeare等人都非常热衷十四行诗的写作。其中Spenser和 Shakespeare 继承了SirThomas Wyatt传入的Petrarchan 十四行诗，并进一步创立了各自的十四行诗体, 最终形成了三种主要的十四行诗版式，即Petrarchan十四行诗、Spenserian十四行诗和Shakespearean十四行诗。即使如此，使十四行诗体真正进文学殿堂，成为更为流行的英语诗歌诗体形式应该归功于莎士比亚。莎士比亚在其创作的戏剧和诗歌作品中大量使用十四行诗体。尽管莎士比亚可能并不一定属于最擅长、最有创意的“十四行诗”作家，但却是他使这种诗体变得家喻户晓。迄今存留的莎士比亚十四行诗大约有154首。

十四行诗体是学者、学生等喜闻乐见，愿意采用的一种诗歌创作版式。十四行诗的韵律是可变的，但英语文学作品中有两种韵律形式较为常见，一是所谓的莎翁韵律：“a-b-a-b-c-d-c-d”-“efefgg” ，另一种则是所谓的弥尔顿韵律：“a-b-b-a-a-b-b-a”“-cdcdcd”韵式 。十四行诗一般常用抑扬五步格。

十四行诗歌的结构也是可变的，至少存在20种格式，但以14行最为常见。十四行诗歌每行含有10个音节（syllable），通常为两个“四行诗”加两个“三行压韵诗句”（tercet）组成（8行+6行=14行) 或者采取三个“四行诗”和一个结尾对偶句（中国的对联形式）组成。  

六种最常见的十四行诗体格式分别为：彼特拉克格式、Curtal格式、斯宾塞格式、莎士比亚格式、弥尔顿格式和terza rima(三拍子)格式。

十四行诗体主要用于浪漫、快乐和爱情冒险等主题。

例诗：

(1)彼特拉克诗体：

由两段四行体和两段三拍子（见后面，三拍子诗体）组成。

比如：

Visions

Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)

Being one day at my window all alone,

So manie strange things happened me to see,

As much as it grieveth me to thinke thereon.

At my right hand a hynde appear’d to mee,

（第一段四行诗格式，韵律为：a-b-a-b）

So faire as mote the greatest god delite;

Two eager dogs did her pursue in chace.

Of which the one was blacke, the other white:

With deadly force so in their cruell race

（第二段四行诗, 韵律：c-d-c-d）

They pincht the haunches of that gentle beast,

That at the last, and in short time, I spide,

Under a rocke, where she alas, opprest,

（第一段三拍子，韵律为：-efe）

Fell to the ground, and there untimely dide.

Cruell death vanquishing so noble beautie

Oft makes me wayle so hard a desire.

（第二段三拍子，韵律为：fgg）

（每一诗行含10音节）注解：这首十四行诗含有一个完整的三拍子韵式：efe, 最后一个“三拍子”（三行）韵式并不遵从三拍子韵式，而是一种三拍子和十四行诗的混合处理方法，即遵守了十四行诗最后两行“对偶”的要求，这两行押相同的韵，即起韵按照三拍子用“f”但对偶句用相同的韵。所以为“fgg”。

（2）切短（Curtal）格式

显然，十四行诗体的切短格式必然会使之少于十四行。

比如：

From La Vita Nuova

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)

And now (for I must rid my name of ruth)

Behooves me speak the truth

Touching thy cruelty and wickedness:

Not that they be not known; but ne'ertheless

I would give hate more stress

With them that feed on love in every sooth.

Out of this world thou hast driven courtesy,

And virtue, dearly prized in womanhood;

And out of youth’s gay mood

The lovely lightness is quite gone through thee.

（只有10行，比较少见的变体，通常出自一些著名诗人之手）

（3）斯宾塞诗体

Amoretti

Edmund Spenser (c. 1552-1599)

What guile is this, that those her golden tresses(a)

She doth attire under a net of gold;(b)

And with sly skill so cunningly them dresses,(a)

That which is gold or hair, may scarce be told?(b)

Is it that men’s frail eyes, which gaze too bold,(b)

She may entangle in that golden snare;©

And being caught may craftily enfold(b)

Their weaker hearts, which are not yet well aware?(c)

Take heed therefore, mine eyes, how ye do stare©

Henceforth too rashly on that guileful net,(d)

In which if ever ye entrapped are©

Out of her bands ye by no means shall get.(d)

Folly it were for any being free,(f)

To covet fetters, though they golden be.(g)

韵式：a-b-a-b-b-c-b-c-c-d-c-d-f-g

（4）莎翁格式：

Sonnets

William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

From fairest creatures we desire increase,

That thereby beauty’s rose might never die.

But as the riper should by time decease,

His tender heir might bear his memory:

But thou, contracted to thine own bright eyes,

Feed'st thy light’s flame with self-substantial fuel,

Making a famine where abundance lies,

Thyself thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel.

Thou that art now the world’s fresh ornament

And only herald to the gaudy spring,

Within thine own bud buriest thy content

And, tender churl, mak'st waste in niggarding.

Pity the world, or else this glutton be,

To eat the world’s due, by the grave and thee.

(没有明显的分段，但韵律具有分段，为：abab-cdcd-efef-gg)（基本上类似彼得拉克十四行韵式）。

（5）弥尔顿格式：

To Cyriack Skinner (Milton’s pupil)

John Milton (1608-1674)

Cyriack, this three years’ day these eyes, though clear

To outward view, of blemish or of spot,

Bereft of light, their seeing have forgot;

Nor to their idle orbs doth sight appear

Of sun or moon or star throughout the year,

Or man or woman. Yet I argue not

Against Heaven’s hand or will, nor bate a jot

Of heart or hope, but still bear up and steer

（前八行为一个模块, 韵律：abbaabba）韵式中心对称。

Right onward. What supports me, dost thou ask?

The conscience, friend, to have lost them overplied

In liberty’s defense, my noble task,

Of which all Europe talks from side to side.

This thought might lead me through the world’s vain mask

Content, though blind, had I no better guide.

（此六行为一个模块，韵律：cdcdcd）后六行韵式“回旋”