Age-group differences in receiving behaviour among male FIFA world cup players (Senior, U-20, U-17)

FIFA世界杯男球员接球行为的年龄组别差异（成年组、U-20组、U-17组）

摘  要

研究目的：本研究旨在弥合国际足球赛事中不同年龄段球员接球行为的技术战术差异，并通过分析接球模式随年龄/竞赛水平的发展趋势来指导青少年训练。因此，本研究比较三项顶级国际赛事中男性的接球数据：成年组（2022年FIFA世界杯，WC1）、 U-20组（2023年FIFA世界杯，WC2）和U-17组（2023年FIFA世界杯，WC3）。

研究方法：研究分析了FIFA官方报告及三项赛事共计161场比赛的空间事件记录数据。本研究共采用14项技术战术指标（其中9项指标直接关联接球行为）。为应对数据集分布特征差异，采用多重混合线性模型Multiple Mixed Linear Models, MMLM）进行统计分析。

研究结果：总体而言，在所有情境中，主动接球行为（Active Reception）呈现显著层级差异（WC1 > WC2 > WC3）。在关键进攻场景中包括，背身接球、第一至第二防线间接球以及对方阵型前接球。WC1显著优于WC2和WC3，而WC2也明显优于WC3。当接球发生在第二至第三防线之间时，WC1与WC2无显著差异，但均优于WC3。在第三至第四道防线中，仅WC1的表现优于WC3。在动态接球移动（由内向外与由外向内）方面，WC1和WC2的岷县均显著超越WC3，且WC1与WC2之间无统计学上的明显差距。

研究结论：主动接球行为随年龄和竞技水平呈阶梯式提升（WC1>WC2>WC3），这种核心差距主要体现在主动接球意识上，而非被动控球的能力。WC1在关键场景（防线身后/防线之间）表现突出，WC2在某些情况下接近成年水平，而WC3整体能力不足。这些发现表明，青少年训练应针对性地提升WC2 和WC3空间判断力、危险区域意识及跑动多样性，以适应高水平赛事。

Abstract

This study aimed to bridge the gap in age-group differences in the technical and tactical aspects of receiving behaviours across international soccer tournaments and guide youth training by clarifying developmental trends in receiving patterns with respect to age/competition level—thus, it compared such patterns among male players across WC1（2022 FIFA World Cup, senior), WC2 (2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup), and WC3 (2023 FIFA U-17 World Cup).

Data from FIFA’s official reports and spatial event records of 161 matches were analysed. A total of 14 indicators were used in the study, 9 of which are directly related to receiving behaviours. Multiple mixed linear models were employed to account for the differing distribution characteristics of the datasets.

Overall, offering-to-receive behaviours followed a clear hierarchy (WC1 > WC2 > WC3) across all the scenarios. In key offensive scenarios—including receiving behind opponents, between the 1st–2nd defensive lines, and in front of the opponent’s formation—WC1 significantly outperformed both WC2 and WC3, while WC2 also showed notable superiority over WC3. When receiving occurred between the 2nd–3rd defensive lines, WC1 and WC2 did not significantly differ, but both were superior to WC3. Among the 3rd–4th defensive lines, only WC1 was superior to WC3. For dynamic receiving movements (inside-out and outside-in), WC1 and WC2 both surpassed WC3, with no obvious gap between WC1 and WC2.

Offering-to-receive behaviour increases in a stepwise manner with age and competitive level (WC1 > WC2 > WC3), with the core gap lying in proactive receiving awareness (not passive ball control). Senior players excel in key scenarios (behind/between defensive lines), U-20 players approach senior levels in some cases, and U-17 players lack proficiency overall. These findings suggest that U-17/U-20 players should improve spatial judgement, awareness of danger areas, and movement diversity for high-level competitions.

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