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在中国内陆地区建设的核电站一旦发生重大核电泄漏事故,其影响究竟有多大?
何祚庥答:
这是一位老朋友寄给我的,由美国中情局CIA调查并绘制的切尔诺贝利事故发生后的放射性辐射总量分布图和有关说明。此分布图适用期,将至少有100年。请注意这一分布图用的计量单位是Ci/km2,也就是此图所示每平方公里受污染地区的辐射总量,可以高达10~40居里!
有朋友问我,如果在内陆中国发生重大核泄漏事故,其影响究竟有多大?我能提供的事实是切尔诺贝里事故,这是“典型”的内陆地区核电站出现重大的核泄漏事故。所幸前苏联幅员广大,人口稀疏。如果这一事故核泄漏发生在中国的人口密集地区和中国的母亲河流域,“谁”将能对此承担历史责任。
Chernobyl: A quarter century later
On April 26, 1986, as a combined result of design deficiencies and human error, reactor number four of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant near the town of Pripyat, Ukraine, former Soviet Union, exploded. Radioactive material scattered over a wide area in Europe. In the vicinity of the Chernobyl Plant, the radiation level was so high that a 2,800-km2 area in Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia, including three cities and more than one hundred villages, must be permanently abandoned. The accident crippled the economy of the former Soviet Union. Up to recently, the Chernobyl accident was the only one rated level 7 (a major accident) on the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). On March 11, 2011, a tsunami damaged several nuclear reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan. Large quantity of radioactive materials
was leaked. On April 11, 2011, the Japanese authorities raised the event level of the Fukushima accident to level 7, and predicted that the total radiation fallout will be comparable or even higher than that of Chernobyl. To prevent future nuclear accidents, a higher safety standards will drive up the cost of nuclear power. Source of the map: CIA Factbook.
切尔诺贝利:25年后
1986年4月26日,由于设计缺陷和人为操作失误,前苏联乌克兰Pripyat镇附近的切尔诺贝利核电站4号反应堆发生爆炸,辐射物质散落在欧洲广大区域。在切尔诺贝利核电站附近的辐射量非常高以至于白俄罗斯,乌克兰和俄罗斯的2800平方公里的区域,包括三个城市和100多个村庄,都必须永久闲置。该事故极大打击了前苏联的经济。直到最近,切尔诺贝利事故是国际核事件分级(INES)中唯一评为7级的事件。2011年3月11日,因海啸,日本福岛核电站的几个反应堆损坏。大量放射性物质泄漏。2011年4月11日,日本政府将福到事故升级到7级,预测总辐射量将与切尔诺贝利事故相当或甚至要高。为防止核事故,安全标准的提高也增加了核电站的成本。地图来源:CIA世界概况。
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