根据引文情况，每年汤森路透对生理学或医学、物理、化学和经济学四个领域进行分析预测，并授予高影响力研究人员“引文桂冠奖”。2002年以来，共有21位引文桂冠奖得主已获得诺贝尔奖。

需要强调的是，只靠引用率评价科学贡献并不可靠，虽然预测的成功率不算低，但失败率更高。要知道，每年每个项目预测3个，那么就有120个方向，其中绝大部分都被预测失败，可见其失败率非常高。因此，这个预测更象是娱乐性质。不过，从这些引用选择出的引文冠奖，可以作为我们了解相关知识，特别是了解热点问题的一个重要线索，仍具有一定价值。

今年医学生理学被预测的三个领域非常有意思，一个是细胞核内的蛋白质组蛋白在基因表达调节方面的研究。第二个是磷酸化调节的细胞内蛋白信号调节方式。第三个是关于细胞直接黏附分子的发现。就是说从细胞外，到细胞内一直到细胞核都涉及了，不会那么巧合吧，可见存在为提高命中率的忽悠成份。

C. David Allis http://www.rockefeller.edu/research/faculty/labheads/DavidAllis/

Michael Grunstein Distinguished Professor of Biological Chemistry

Allis教授和Grunstein教授主要贡献是研究染色体上的组蛋白，对基因表达调控的意义。我们知道，基因很多，但表达需要管理，否则就会混乱，Allis教授和Grunstein教授认为和DNA在一起的组蛋白在这个过程中很重要，他们也证明了这一假说，并发现了一些调节方式。贡献不小，似乎假说并不太高明。

Anthony “Tony” R. Hunter For the discovery of tyrosine phosphorylation and contributions to understanding protein kinases and their role in signal transduction

Anthony “Tony” J. Pawson Distinguished Scientist and Apotex Chair in Molecular Oncology

For identification of the phosphotyrosine binding SH2 domain and demonstrating its function in protein-protein interactions

首先要知道蛋白磷酸化和去磷酸化，蛋白磷酸化。磷酸化是指在蛋白质或其他类型分子上，加入一个磷酸基团。去磷酸化就是把磷酸化的基团去掉。细胞内蛋白质的磷酸化和去磷酸化都是在相应的调节酶催化下实现的。蛋白质磷酸化可发生在许多种类的氨基酸（蛋白质的主要单位）上，其中以丝氨酸为多，接着是苏氨酸。而酪氨酸则相对较少磷酸化的发生，不过由于经过磷酸化之后的酪氨酸较容易利用抗体来纯化，因此酪氨酸的磷酸化作用位置也较广为了解。

这两位科学家的贡献正是在磷酸化信号分子传递方式的贡献。细胞感受到外来的信息，如激素等，可以通过一些感受分子，如受体，受体和配体结合后可以启动一些反应，这些后续反应需要另外一些分子。关于信号传导，曾经有G蛋白的研究获得过诺贝尔大奖，现在酪氨酸磷酸化有开始进入人们的视野，磷酸化和去磷酸化最重要的后果是使蛋白的局部发生一个改变，就是被修饰的部分产生极性，或失去极性，产生极性的容易和其他具有极性的分子结合，或自身发生空间的变形。利用这种调节方式，蛋白质的功能，如酶活性发生改变。这种变化有时候甚至是巨大的，类似开关一样。而细胞内存在数量巨大的蛋白分子采用这种调节方式，是细胞在各种生理或病理活动中发挥各类作用的重要调节方式。许多分子之间形成一种相互作用的网络和通路，是精彩的细胞功能的信息传递模式。这个贡献不小，上述两个人一个是发现酪氨酸磷酸化调节这个现象，一个是证明这个现象主要调节的亚分子部位。就是

 

Richard O. Hynes Daniel K. Ludwig Professor for Cancer Research

Erkki Ruoslahti Distinguished Professor, Center for Nanomedicine

Masatoshi Takeichi Director, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology

三个细胞黏附分子的最早期发现者，美国学者Hynes和Ruoslahti发现integrins，日本学者Takeichi发现cadherins。

 

相关报道

Philadelphia, PA, September 19, 2012 – With the eyes of the world firmly fixed on Stockholm and the upcoming announcement of the 2012 Nobel Prize recipients, the IP & Science business of Thomson Reuters, the world leader in intelligent information for businesses and professionals, announced its 2012 “Nobel-class” Citation Laureates today.

 

Annually, Thomson Reuters citation analysts mine proprietary data from the company’s research platform, Web of Knowledge?, to identify the most influential researchers in the categories of chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, and economics. Based on a thorough review of citations to their research, the company names these high-impact researchers as Thomson Reuters Citation Laureates and predicts them to be Nobel Prize winners, either this year or in the future.

 

“Our Citation Laureate selection process operates much like the Nobel Foundation’s selection process,” said David Pendlebury, Thomson Reuters citation analyst. “We recognize fundamental discoveries and identify the most important contributors to these discoveries. Our Citation Laureates have made such important contributions to science that we believe them to be peers of the Nobel Prize winners in every way; they simply have yet to win.”

 

The Citation Laureates rank among the top one-tenth of one percent (0.1%) of researchers in their fields in terms of citation impact, based on citations of their published papers over the last three decades. The 2012 Laureates include 21 influential researchers whose high-profile discoveries cover pioneering work such as quantum teleportation (Charles H. Bennett of IBM Corporation, Gilles Brassard of the University of Montreal and William K. Wootters of Williams College); the experimental demonstration of “slow light” (Stephen E. Harris of Stanford University and Lene V. Hau of Harvard University); and fundamental discoveries in genetic regulation (C. David Allis of Rockefeller University and Michael Grunstein of University of California, Los Angeles).

 

Also among the high-profile achievements of this year’s picks is the pioneering work in financial market volatility and the dynamics of asset prices by Robert Shiller of Yale University. Shiller is known as the author of the best-selling book Irrational Exuberance, which warned of the damaging stock and housing market bubbles.

 

Thirteen of the 2012 Citation Laureates hail from American institutions, two are from Canada, three from Japan and three from the United Kingdom. Now in its eleventh consecutive year of predictions, Thomson Reuters has successfully predicted 26 Nobel Prize recipients to date.

 

For detailed information about the Citation Laureates and their fields of research, and to learn about previously named Citation Laureates who are still contending for a Nobel Prize, visit the Thomson Reuters Citation Laureates website athttp://sciencewatch.thomsonreuters.com/nobel.

 

Follow @nobelcitings and @TR_ScienceWatch on Twitter.com for up-to-the-minute news on the predictions and deeper insight into their fields of research. Facebook users are encouraged to take part in Nobel discussions on the Web of Knowledge Facebook page.

 

The 2012 Thomson Reuters Citation Laureates by Nobel Prize category are:

 

CHEMISTRY

Louis E. Brus

Samuel Latham Mitchill Professor

Department of Chemistry

Columbia University

New York, New York, USA

For discovery of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots)

 

Akira Fujishima

President, Tokyo University of Science

Special University Professor Emeritus, University of Tokyo

Supreme Advisor, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology

Tokyo, Japan

For the discovery of photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide (the Honda-Fujishima Effect)

 

Masatake Haruta

Adjunct Professor, Department of Applied Chemistry

Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences

Tokyo Metropolitan University

Tokyo, Japan

-and-

Graham J. Hutchings

Professor of Physical Chemistry and Director of the Cardiff Catalysis Center

Cardiff University

Cardiff, Wales, U.K.

For independent foundational discoveries of catalysis by gold

 

PHYSICS

Charles H. Bennett

IBM Fellow

Thomas J. Watson Research Center

IBM Corporation

Yorktown Heights, New York, USA

-and-

Gilles Brassard

Canada Research Chair in Quantum Information Processing

University of Montreal

Montreal, Quebec, Canada

-and-

William K. Wootters

Barclay Jermain Professor of Natural Philosophy

Department of Physics

Williams College

Williamstown, Massachusetts, USA

For their pioneering description of a protocol for quantum teleportation, which has since been experimentally verified

 

Leigh T. Canham

Chief Scientific Officer

pSiMedica Ltd.

Malvern

Honorary Professor

School of Physics and Astronomy

University of Birmingham

Birmingham, England, U.K.

For discovery of photoluminescence in porous silicon

 

Stephen E. Harris

Kenneth and Barbara Oshman Professor of Electrical Engineering and Professor of Applied Physics Emeritus

Stanford University

Stanford, California, USA

-and-

Lene V. Hau

Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and Applied Physics

School of Engineering and Applied Sciences

Harvard University

Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

For the experimental demonstration of electromagnetically induced transparency (Harris) and of ‘slow light’ (Harris and Hau)

 

PHYSIOLOGY or MEDICINE

C. David Allis

Tri-Institutional Professor and Joy and Jack Fishman Professor

Head, Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics

Rockefeller University

New York, New York, USA

-and-

Michael Grunstein

Distinguished Professor of Biological Chemistry

Geffen School of Medicine

University of California Los Angeles

Los Angeles, California, USA

For fundamental discoveries concerning histone modifications and their role in genetic regulation

 

Anthony “Tony” R. Hunter

American Cancer Society Professor

Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory

Renato Dulbecco Chair

Salk Institute for Biological Studies

Adjunct Professor, Section of Molecular Biology

University of California, San Diego

La Jolla, California, USA

For the discovery of tyrosine phosphorylation and contributions to understanding protein kinases and their role in signal transduction

-and-

Anthony “Tony” J. Pawson

Distinguished Scientist and Apotex Chair in Molecular Oncology

Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital

Professor in the Department of Molecular Genetics

University of Toronto

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

For identification of the phosphotyrosine binding SH2 domain and demonstrating its function in protein-protein interactions

 

Richard O. Hynes

Daniel K. Ludwig Professor for Cancer Research

David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator

Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

-and-

Erkki Ruoslahti

Distinguished Professor, Center for Nanomedicine

Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute

La Jolla, California, USA

-and-

Masatoshi Takeichi

Director, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology

Kobe, Japan

For pioneering discoveries of cell adhesion molecules, Hynes and Ruoslahti for integrins and Takeichi for cadherins

 

ECONOMICS

Sir Anthony B. Atkinson

Fellow, Nuffield College

Oxford, England, U.K.

For studies of income inequality and contributions to welfare state and public sector economics

-and-

Angus S. Deaton

Dwight D. Eisenhower Professor of International Affairs and Professor of Economics and International Affairs

Woodrow Wilson School

Princeton University

Princeton, New Jersey, USA

For empirical research on consumption, income and savings, poverty and health, and well-being

 

Stephen A. Ross

Franco Modigliani Professor of Financial Economics and Professor of Finance

The MIT Sloan School of Management

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

For his arbitrage pricing theory and other fundamental contributions to finance

 

Robert J. Shiller

Arthur M. Okun Professor of Economics

Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics and Professor of Finance

The International Center for Finance

Yale University

New Haven, Connecticut, USA

For pioneering contributions to financial market volatility and the dynamics of asset prices

 

Thomson Reuters

Thomson Reuters is the world's leading source of intelligent information for businesses and professionals. We combine industry expertise with innovative technology to deliver critical information to leading decision makers in the financial and risk, legal, tax and accounting, intellectual property and science and media markets, powered by the world's most trusted news organization. With headquarters in New York and major operations in London and Eagan, Minnesota, Thomson Reuters employs approximately 60,000 people and operates in over 100 countries. For more information, go to www.thomsonreuters.com.

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