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天然同位素是指具有足够长半衰期以使它们能够以相当大的浓度存在于地球中的稳定同位素或放射性同位素(例如铋-209,半衰期为1.9×10*19年,钾-40的半衰期为1.251(3)×10*9年),以及这些同位素的衰变产物(例如半衰期为24天的钍-234)或宇宙成因元素。最重的稳定同位素是铅-208,但最重的“天然”同位素是U-238。
许多元素都具有天然同位素和人工同位素。例如,氢有三种天然同位素和另外四种已知的人工同位素。稳定天然同位素之间的进一步区分包括原始同位素(在太阳系形成时存在)和宇宙成因同位素(由宇宙射线轰击或其他类似过程产生)。
什么定义了天然同位素 天然同位素必须是稳定的,其半衰期超过约7×10*7年(在这个类别中有35个同位素,请参阅稳定同位素以获取更多详细信息),或者是在宇宙中以大量产生的(例如14C,其半衰期仅为6000年,但是由宇宙射线与14N碰撞产生)。
自然存在的放射性同位素 一些放射性同位素在自然界中具有小于7×107年的半衰期(例如碳-14:5730 ± 40年,氚:12.32年等)。它们不断由宇宙辐射合成。一个实际的应用是利用碳-14进行放射性碳定年。
Natural isotopes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Natural isotopes are either stable isotopes or radioactive isotopes that have a sufficiently long half-life to allow them to exist in substantial concentrations in the Earth (such as bismuth-209, with a half-life of 1.9×1019 years, potassium-40 with a half-life of 1.251(3)×109 years), daughter products of those isotopes (such as 234Th, with a half-life of 24 days) or cosmogenic elements.[1] The heaviest stable isotope is lead-208, but the heaviest 'natural' isotope is U-238.
Many elements have both natural and artificial isotopes. For example, hydrogen has three natural isotopes and another four known artificial isotopes.[2] A further distinction among stable natural isotopes is division into primordial (existed when the Solar System formed) and cosmogenic (created by cosmic ray bombardment or other similar processes).
What defines a natural isotope[edit]
Natural isotopes must be either stable, have a half-life exceeding about 7×107 years (there are 35 isotopes in this category, see stable isotope for more details) or are generated in large amounts cosmogenically (such as 14C, which has a half-life of only 6000 years but is made by cosmic rays colliding with 14N).
Naturally occurring radioisotopes[edit]
Some radioisotopes occur in nature with a half-life of less than 7×107 years (carbon-14: 5,730 ± 40 years, tritium: 12.32 years etc.). They are synthesised all the time by cosmic radiation. A practical use is radiocarbon dating with carbon-14.
See also[edit]
Bibliography[edit]
^ "Natural Isotopes". www.soest.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-13.
^ "Isotopes - Chemwiki". chemwiki.ucdavis.edu. 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
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