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2018年诺贝尔化学奖为什么授予“酶定向进化”和“多肽和抗体噬菌体展示技术”？
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2018年诺贝尔化学奖为什么授予“酶定向进化”和“多肽和抗体噬菌体展示技术”？
2018年诺贝尔化学奖的获得者为美国科学家Frances H. Arnold, George P. Smith和英国科学家George P.Winter。Frances H. Arnold因为“for the directed evolution of enzymes，酶的定向进化”、George P. Smith和George P.Winter则因为“for the phage display of peptides and antibodies，多肽和抗体的噬菌体展示技术”而获奖。获奖内容估计生科院毕业的同学都知道，因为这是生物化学课程、酶工程和分子生物学课程讲授的主要内容之一，有点恍惚了，生物学奖还是化学奖？呵呵。诺贝尔奖委员会为什么会把2018年诺贝尔奖颁给这三人？原因是“They harnessed the power of evolution”，以下是诺贝尔委员会宣布2018年诺贝尔化学奖时的新闻稿。
生命的多样性揭示了进化的力量，自从37亿年前生命开始孕育，几乎所有地球裂缝中都蕴含了不同的有机体。在进化过程中，当一系列化学问题得到解决后，生命亏开始蔓延到温泉、深海和沙漠中。生命的化学工具——蛋白质，其结构在被优化、改变和更新的过程中创造出了难以置信的多样性。今年的诺贝尔化学奖被进化的力量和应用所吸引，科学家通过遗传改造和选择的蛋白质解决了人类的化学问题。2018年诺贝尔化学奖获得者通过定向进化（改造）而获得的酶可应用制造从生物柴油到药物各种物质。通过噬菌体展示技术获得的抗体可抗自身免疫性疾病以及在某些情况下可用于治疗转移性癌症。
今年的诺贝尔奖的1/2授予Frances H. Arnold。1993年，Frances H. Arnold第一次进行了酶（是一种蛋白质，可以催化化学反应）的定向进化研究，她细化了酶的定向改造的方法，并将其成功的用于开发新型催化剂，从而实现化学物质的环境友好制造，例如药物的合成及更环保的可再生燃料的生产。
今年诺贝尔化学奖的另外1/2授予 George P. Smith 和 Sir Gregory P. Winter。1985年，George Smith发展了噬菌体展示的技术（噬菌体是可以侵染细菌的病毒，可用于进化（制造）出新的蛋白质）。Gregory Winter利用噬菌体展示技术成功进行了抗体的定向进化研究，并制造出了新的药物。第一个利用该方法生产的阿达木单抗在2002年获得批准，并用于类风湿性关节炎、银屑病与炎症性肠病疾病的治疗中。从那以后，通过噬菌体展示技术生产的抗体被广泛用于中和毒素、对抗自身免疫性疾病和转移癌的治疗当中。
我们正处在定向进化革命的早期，通过更多不同的方式将会给人类带来最大的利益（翻译自原文，估计有不通顺之处，若进一步了解，可参阅新闻稿原文）。
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 was divided, one half awarded to Frances H. Arnold "for the directed evolution of enzymes", the other half jointly to George P. Smith and Sir Gregory P. Winter "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies."
They harnessed the power of evolution (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2018/press-release/):
The power of evolution is revealed through the diversity of life. The 2018 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry have taken control of evolution and used it for purposes that bring the greatest benefit to humankind. Enzymes produced through directed evolution are used to manufacture everything from biofuels to pharmaceuticals. Antibodies evolved using a method called phage display can combat autoimmune diseases and in some cases cure metastatic cancer.
Since the first seeds of life arose around 3.7 billion years ago, almost every crevice on Earth has filled with different organisms. Life has spread to hot springs, deep oceans and dry deserts, all because evolution has solved a number of chemical problems. Life’s chemical tools – proteins – have been optimised, changed and renewed, creating incredible diversity. This year’s Nobel Laureates in Chemistry have been inspired by the power of evolution and used the same principles – genetic change and selection – to develop proteins that solve mankind’s chemical problems.
One half of this year’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded to Frances H. Arnold. In 1993, she conducted the first directed evolution of enzymes, which are proteins that catalyse chemical reactions. Since then, she has refined the methods that are now routinely used to develop new catalysts. The uses of Frances Arnold’s enzymes include more environmentally friendly manufacturing of chemical substances, such as pharmaceuticals, and the production of renewable fuels for a greener transport sector.
The other half of this year’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry is shared by George P. Smith and Sir Gregory P. Winter. In 1985, George Smith developed an elegant method known as phage display, where a bacteriophage – a virus that infects bacteria – can be used to evolve new proteins. Gregory Winter used phage display for the directed evolution of antibodies, with the aim of producing new pharmaceuticals. The first one based on this method, adalimumab, was approved in 2002 and is used for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases. Since then, phage display has produced anti-bodies that can neutralise toxins, counteract autoimmune diseases and cure metastatic cancer.
We are in the early days of directed evolution’s revolution which, in many different ways, is bringing and will bring the greatest benefit to humankind.
2018年诺贝尔奖
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-3319332-1138659.html
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