背景+问题：The environment has constantly shaped plant genomes, but the genetic bases underlying how plants adapt to environmental influences remain largely unknown. 

主要研究：We constructed a high-density genomic variation map of 263 geographically representative peach landraces and wild relatives. A combination of whole-genome selection scans and genome-wide environmental association studies (GWEAS) was performed to reveal the genomic bases of peach adaptation to diverse climates. 

结果1-选择性清除：A total of 2092 selective sweeps that underlie local adaptation to both mild and extreme climates were identified, including 339 sweeps conferring genomic pattern of adaptation to high altitudes. 

结果2-环境相关：Using genome-wide environmental association studies (GWEAS), a total of 2755 genomic loci strongly associated with 51 specific environmental variables were detected.

结果3-适应性演化：The molecular mechanism underlying adaptive evolution of high drought, strong UVB, cold hardiness, sugar content, flesh color, and bloom date were revealed. 

结果4-开花延迟：Finally, based on 30 yr of observation, a candidate gene associated with bloom date advance, representing peach responses to global warming, was identified. 

结论：Collectively, our study provides insights into molecular bases of how environments have shaped peach genomes by natural selection and adds candidate genes for future studies on evolutionary genetics, adaptation to climate changes, and breeding.

 摘 要 

环境不断地塑造着植物的基因组，但植物如何适应环境影响的遗传基础在很大程度上仍然是未知的。作者基于桃树的263份具有代表性的地方品种和野生近缘种，构建了高密度基因组变异图谱。结合全基因组选择扫描和全基因组环境关联研究（GWEAS），作者揭示了桃树适应不同气候的基因组基础。作者共鉴定了2092个选择性清除，这些位点是区域性适应温和和极端气候的基础，包括339个赋予桃树适应高海拔基因组模式的选择性清除。利用全基因组环境关联研究（GWEAS），作者共检测到2755个与51个特定环境变量密切相关的基因组位点。另外，作者还揭示了桃树在高干旱、强UVB、抗寒性、含糖量、果肉色泽、开花日期等方面的适应进化分子机制。最后，基于30年的观察基础上，作者鉴定了一个与开花期提前相关的候选基因，代表了桃对全球变暖的响应。总的来说，本文的研究为环境如何通过自然选择塑造桃基因组的分子基础提供了新的视野，并为将来桃树的进化遗传学、对气候变化的适应以及育种研究提供了候选基因。