读到一篇总结学术不端的文章，感觉总结得非常到位! 本篇文章中所述的最恶劣学术不端行为，在祖国大地似乎遍地都是! 由于文章是老外写的，因此，我们可以假想他们要求的标准是不是比中国要高些？ 便于部分中国读者阅读, 我对此文进行了翻译。

There are several ideas going around in my head regarding the reasons for the growing plagiarism in academic publications and that someone is willing to get into this game for money:

最近,就学术出版中日益增长的抄袭行为,以及某些人总是愿意为了钱去玩此类游戏,  我脑海中时常盘旋着这样几种想法:

• There is great pressure to publish. 也许是发表文章的压力太大.

• Capitalism is pervading everything. 也许是资本主义正在每一个角落蔓延.

• In general, professors are not well paid. 总体来说,教授们的薪水还是太少.

• Some publishing activities are not remunerated, as academic editor or peer review.有些出版活动无从得到回报, 如当学术编辑和做同行评审! (就是说还是要当作者才能体现价值?--译者)

And trying to clarify this issue in blogs and online discussions, I have been able to make a list of the types of plagiarism that currently exist, that could be seen as the worst practices for pirate-authors:

为了能够在博客和在线讨论中把这个问题阐述清楚，我对现今存在的各类抄袭行为进行了归纳总结, 这些可以称得上是海盗作者最恶劣的行径。

• Plagiarism: kidnapping or appropriation of others thoughts and ideas without acknowledging its source.

  抄袭：在没有标注来源的情况下，绑架或者挪用他人的思想和观点！

• Self-plagiarism or recycling fraud: reuse of your own texts without attributing previous publication.

  自我抄袭或者重复造假：在没有标示为是自己过去已发表论文的情况下，重复使用自己已发表过的文字！

• Ghost writing: write books, articles or other texts that are credited to another person, generally for money.

  鬼作者：大多数情况下,为了钱以其它人的名义写书、写文章或者撰写其它材料。

• Honorary authorship: include authors in a publication without adding value or contributing, inflating its credentials.

• 荣誉作者；将对著作没有任何贡献的人员的名字列入出版物的作者名单中，使其名望虚长。

• Duplicate publication: use your own publications more than once, changing the title and abstract.

• 重复发表：让同一作品不止一次地发表，往往只是改改标题和文摘。

• Salami slicing: creating several short publications out of material that could have, perhaps more validly, been published as a single article in a journal or review.

• 切香肠式发表：将本该以一篇来发表其效果会更好的完整文章，分割成几篇较短的文章。

• Remix or mosaic plagiarism: mixing several publications to obtain more publishable units.

• 杂烩式或者马赛克式抄袭：将多篇其它人的文章进行剪切拼接，凑成一篇可以发表的文章。

• Image and data manipulation: modify data and results to obtain another document for publication.

• 影像和数据的操控：修改数据和结果以获得可用于发表的文件。

It is amusing and dangerous at the same time the combination of some of the above activities, such as ghost writing and plagiarism, it would be that you pay for an article to be written but that in turn is plagiarized, so at the end, apart from wasting your money, you may run many risks, as the reputational one.

同时运用以上多种不端行为，如鬼作者和抄袭，其情形更为可笑，也更危险！有可能你付钱请某人代写的那篇文章是从它处抄袭而来的！因此，最终，你除花了冤枉钱外，还可能会冒名誉被毁的风险！

I am not sure before, but now with open access and the Internet is becoming easier to detect plagiarism of any of the existing types. Recently in Spain a professor has been condemned for plagiarizing a chapter of a student. In line with those worst practices above, the article could have been coauthored with the student – that is, the professor adds his name and the student the content, or that he did not even remember that it was not his? But I guess believing to be very smart is worse than plagiarism.

在此以前我对此还不太确定，但是，随着开放获取的发展，通过互联网已经越来越容易发现这些种类的抄袭行为。最近，西班牙有一位教授被指抄袭了他指导的一位学生的一个章节的内容。与上面所讨论的严重学术不端一样，这位教授可能与学生应该算是这篇文章的共同作者,即文章是学生写的，教授只是加上了自己的名字，或者说教授自己都记不清那篇文章不是他的？但是，我猜想,确信自己非常精明也许比抄袭本身更糟糕。

Source: http://howtopublishinjournals.com/category/writing/