博文
快速预览：摘要与关键词
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文章的摘要十分关键，因为很多研究人员只读摘要而不读全文。因此，摘要提供准确而详尽的研究总结十分重要：它可以帮助研究人员了解你所开展的工作、你的研究目的和研究发现以及研究结果的益处和重要性。摘要必须能够独立成文，具备研究概要的功能，使人不看全文就能读懂。在阅读摘要后对文章细节感兴趣的读者自然会继续阅读全文。因此摘要不必太面面俱到，例如，可不必列举方法细节。
尽管摘要是论文的第一部分，但事实上应最后撰写。在完成其他部分后应尽快写摘要，因为这些内容依然清晰地印在你的脑海中，使你能够对自己的工作进行简明而全面的总结，而不至于忽略任何重要的内容。不同期刊对摘要的撰写要求有所不同，因此应参照目标杂志的《稿约》了解具体要求。尽管杂志要求不同，但依然存在一些普遍应遵守的惯例：
• 应注意对字数的限制。通常来讲摘要的字数限制平均为250个词，但许多杂志要求更短些(如《Nature》和《BBRC》对摘要的篇幅限制为150个字)，而许多杂志(如《BioMed Central》)允许摘要篇幅稍长些。这充分说明了为什么应在写文章之前确定目标杂志。
• 应避免使用技术行话，从而使摘要更易懂，更具可读性。不同目标期刊的“技术行话”取决于杂志的读者情况(可以通过期刊网站查询)。例如：“焦虑测试”一词通常比“高架十字迷宫实验”更容易理解，除非该杂志专门针对行为研究人员。通常摘要因受篇幅所限不能对技术术语进行定义和解释。如果术语使用不可避免，应在首次提到时用简单的措辞加以定义。
• 如同技术术语一样，应尽量不使用缩略语，其可用性也取决于不同的目标期刊。例如，大多数杂志接受HIV的使用。相比之下，RT-PCR对于分子生物学技术的杂志是可以接受的，但绝大多数杂志要求在首次使用时给出完整拼写(reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction)。许多杂志在网页上列出可使用的缩略语。反复使用三次或以上的必要的缩略语应在首次使用时给出完整拼写。只使用一次或两次的缩略语应使用全称，除非这样做超出了字数要求。摘要中已给出全称的缩略语在正文中首次使用时也应给出全称。
• 尽管一些杂志允许在摘要中引用文献，但绝大多数杂志不允许引用文献。因此，除非你要投稿的杂志允许这样做，否则不应在摘要中引用文献。
以下是BBRC杂志作者须知给出的指导性意见：
• 摘要应放在第2页，即标题页之后
• 摘要应采用一段式，总结文章的主要发现，篇幅不超过150字
• 摘要后应列出10个用于收录和检索的关键词
一些杂志要求采用结构式摘要，分为背景、目的、方法、结果和结论。临床期刊可能要求额外或不同段落，如“patients”。因此，再次强调，在动笔之前应查阅目标杂志的《稿约》，确定杂志的具体版式或格式要求。
摘要后经常需要列出由作者选择的关键词。《稿约》会指出要求列出多少个关键词，甚至提供可供参考的关键词清单。选择合适的关键词很重要，因为他们可作检索之用。选择合适的关键词可以使你的文章更容易被发现和引用。因此，关键词越切合你的文章内容越好，应避免选择多数研究所适用的一般性术语。
实例：让为这个题目选择合适的关键词：
“Region-specific neuronal degeneration after okadaic acid administration”
好的关键词：okadoic acid、hippocampus、neuronal degeneration、MAP kinase signaling以及mouse (或是rat或其他实验动物)。
差的关键词：neuron、brain、OA (简写)、regional-specific neuronal degeneration以及signaling。这些词过于笼统。
练习：
丁香园网友应邀贴出自己的摘要，Dr. McGowan对结构和效果给出反馈意见。大家积极跟贴响应，其中不乏一些好的摘要，此处以“Skye2749”贴出的摘要为例：
Abstract
AIM: To study the physiological activities of ** on gastrointestinal tract.
METHODS: The property of ** on the smooth muscle contractions of the isolated rabbit jejunum was investigated.
RESULTS: Lower doses of ** (≤ 400 μg/mL) potentiated the tension of spontaneous muscle contractions. At a concentration of 80 μg/mL, ** increase the contractile tension by 23.10 ± 2.16% (P < 0.01) relative to baseline values. On the other hand, higher doses (> 400 μg/mL) of ** induced relaxation, which may be due to the attenuated tension and frequency. Furthermore, atropine (10 μM) but not NE (1 μM) partially inhibited ** -induced smooth muscle contractions suggesting that cholinergic nerves were involved. Moreover, the M3 receptor 4-DAMP (10 μM), but not the nicotinic receptor antagonist hexamethonium (10 μM) or M2 receptor antagonist methoctramine (10 μM) reduced the stimulant effect of CO. In addition, pretreatment of the tissues with verapamil (0.1 μM), significantly (P < 0.01) decreased ** -induced contractility.
CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that M3 muscarinic receptor and Ca2+ influx mediate ** -induced muscle contractions. These provide evidence for the use of ** in GI disorders.
Key words: **; Intestinal smooth muscle; Rabbit jejunum; Calcium; Muscarinic receptor; M3 receptor
尽管有几处语言问题，这个摘要还是以不足200字的叙述传达出了所有的必要信息。其中十分清晰地表明了该研究的目的、都进行了哪些操作、有何发现以及这些发现的意义。我建议“Skye2749”进行如下修改以改善摘要的清晰性和可读性：
The snapshot: abstract and keywords
Your paper’s abstract is critical because many researchers will read that part only, rather than reading the entire paper. Therefore, it is critical that it provides an accurate and sufficiently detailed summary of your work so that those researchers can understand what you did, why you did it, what your findings are, and why your findings are useful and important. Your abstract must be able to stand alone, that is, to function as an overview of your study that can be understood without reading the entire text. Readers who become interested in learning more details than can be included in the abstract will inevitably proceed to the full text. Therefore, the abstract does not need to be overly detailed; for example, it does not need to include a detailed methods section.
Even though the abstract is one of the first parts of your paper, it should actually be written last. You should write it soon after finishing the other sections, while the rest of the manuscript is fresh in your mind, enabling you to write a concise but comprehensive summary of your study without overlooking anything important. Requirements for abstracts differ among journals, so the target journal’s instructions for authors should be consulted for specific details. Despite differences among journals, there are a few general rules that should be obeyed when writing an abstract:
• The word limit should be observed; 250 words is probably about average and commonly adopted as a word limit for the abstract, but many journals request shorter abstracts (for example, Nature Articles and BBRC both have a 150-word limit) while many others (for example, BioMed Central journals) allow longer ones. This is one good reason why the target journal should be identified before you write your paper.
• Technical jargon should be avoided so that the abstract is understandable for a broad readership, although what is considered “technical” may vary depending on the target journal’s audience (check the journal’s website for details of their readership). For example, “a test of anxiety” would generally be clearer than “elevated plus-maze test” in an abstract unless the journal was specifically targeted to behavioral researchers. Usually, there simply isn’t enough space in the abstract to define and explain technical terminology. If such terminology is unavoidable, it should be defined in simple terms where it is first used.
• Like technical jargon, abbreviations should be limited as much as possible, although their acceptability may again depend on the target journal. For example, HIV is likely to be acceptable in abbreviated form by most journals. By contrast, RT-PCR might be considered acceptable by a journal reporting molecular biology techniques, but would it need to be spelt in full (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) in most journals at first use. Many journals provide a list of acceptable abbreviations on their websites. Necessary abbreviations used three or more times should be defined at first use; however, abbreviations used only once or twice should be spelled out in full unless doing so causes the word limit to be exceeded. Abbreviations that are defined in the abstract will need to be defined again at first use in the main text.
• Although some journals do allow references to be cited in the abstract, the vast majority do not. Therefore, unless you plan to submit to a journal that allows it, you should not cite references in your abstract.
If we look at the instructions to authors for BBRC, we can see the following guidelines:
• The Abstract should be on page 2, i.e., after the title page
• The Abstract must be a single paragraph that summarizes the main findings of the paper in fewer than 150 words.
• A list of up to 10 keywords useful for indexing or searching should be included after the Abstract.
Some journals request structured abstracts divided into sections such as background, objectives, methods, results, and conclusions. Clinical journals may require additional or alternative sections, such as ‘patients’. Therefore, it is again necessary to check the target journal’s instructions for authors to determine the particular formatting/outline requirements prior to writing.
Abstracts are frequently followed by a list of keywords selected by the authors. The instructions for authors will state how many keywords are required and may even provide a list of recommended keywords. Choosing appropriate keywords is important, because these are used for indexing purposes. Well chosen keywords enable your manuscript to be more easily identified and cited. Thus, the keywords should be as specific to your manuscript as possible, and general terms, which could apply to an enormous number of studies, should be avoided.
Examples:
Let’s consider some appropriate keywords for the following title: “Region-specific neuronal degeneration after okadaic acid administration”.
Good keywords would be: okadaic acid, hippocampus, neuronal degeneration, MAP kinase signaling, and possibly mouse (or rat or whatever experimental animal was used).
Poor keywords would be: neuron, brain, OA (as an abbreviation), regional-specific neuronal degeneration, and signaling. These terms are simply too general.
Networking scientists were invited to post their own abstracts to receive feedback on their construction and impact. Many abstracts were posted, including some excellent ones. Among them was the following abstract from Skye2749:
Abstract
AIM: To study the physiological activities of ** on gastrointestinal tract.
METHODS: The property of ** on the smooth muscle contractions of the isolated rabbit jejunum was investigated.
RESULTS: Lower doses of ** (≤ 400 μg/mL) potentiated the tension of spontaneous muscle contractions. At a concentration of 80 μg/mL, ** increase the contractile tension by 23.10 ± 2.16% (P < 0.01) relative to baseline values. On the other hand, higher doses (> 400 μg/mL) of ** induced relaxation, which may be due to the attenuated tension and frequency. Furthermore, atropine (10 μM) but not NE (1 μM) partially inhibited ** -induced smooth muscle contractions suggesting that cholinergic nerves were involved. Moreover, the M3 receptor 4-DAMP (10 μM), but not the nicotinic receptor antagonist hexamethonium (10 μM) or M2 receptor antagonist methoctramine (10 μM) reduced the stimulant effect of CO. In addition, pretreatment of the tissues with verapamil (0.1 μM), significantly (P < 0.01) decreased ** -induced contractility.
CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that M3 muscarinic receptor and Ca2+ influx mediate ** -induced muscle contractions. These provide evidence for the use of ** in GI disorders.
Key words: **; Intestinal smooth muscle; Rabbit jejunum; Calcium; Muscarinic receptor; M3 receptor
Although there were a couple of minor problems with the English, this abstract conveys all the necessary pieces of information in under 200 words. It is very clear why the study was performed, what was done, what was found and what these findings mean. I suggested Skye2749 make the following changes to the abstract to improve its clarity and readability:
Dr Daniel McGowan
分子神经学博士
理文编辑学术总监
投稿与审稿
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-288924-545354.html
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