The Paris Climate Accord

《巴黎气候协议》（原文：英文）

United Nations

FCCC/CP/2015/L.9

(Framework Convention on Climate Change《联合国气候变化框架公约》)

Distr.: Limited

12 December 2015

Original:  English

Final-COP21-draft.pdf

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Conference of the Parties

Twenty-first session

Paris, 30 November to 11 December 2015

Agendaitem 4(b)

Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (decision 1/CP.17)

Adoption of a protocol, another legal instrument, oran agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to allParties

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Source:

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/12/12/science/document-final-cop21-draft.html?action=click&contentCollection=Science&region=Footer&module=WhatsNext&version=WhatsNext&contentID=WhatsNext&moduleDetail=undefined&pgtype=Multimedia

Science

A group of nations in Paris reached a landmark agreement to cut back planet-warming emissions of greenhouse gas. DEC. 12, 2015

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What Does a Climate Deal Mean for the World?

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/12/12/science/What-Does-the-Climate-Deal-Mean.html?action=click&contentCollection=world&module=NextInCollection&region=Footer&pgtype=article&rref=collection%2Fnews-event%2Fun-climate-change-conference

A group of 195 nations reached a landmark climate agreement on Saturday. Here is what it means for the planet, business and other areas.

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客观事实：

2015年入冬以来，波士顿地区的气温较往年偏高，变成了冬天里的春天！

http://www.weather.com/weather/tenday/l/Boston+MA+USMA0046:1:US

Boston, MA Weather

3:46pm EST（Dec.13, 2015）

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???地球化学研究的挑战--

Berner, R. A., 1994,GEOCARB II: A revised model of atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time: American Journal of Science, v. 294, n. 1, p. 56–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.294.1.56

Berner, R. A.,and Kothavala, Z., 2001, GEOCARB III: A revised model of atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic

time: American Journal of Science, v. 301, n.2, p. 182–204, http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.301.2.182

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[American Journal of Science, Vol. 313, January, 2013, P. 1–60, DOI 10.2475/01.2013.01]

FROMBLACK MUD TO EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE:

ASCIENTIFIC AUTOBIOGRAPHY

ROBERT A.BERNER

Page 38:

Results again showed maintenance of the general trends found in GEOCARB I and GEOCARB II. That is high CO2 values for the early Paleozoic, low values for the

Permian and Carboniferous Periods, high values for the Mesozoic and overall diminishing CO2 from 65 million years ago to the present. I began to believe that there was some validity to the modeling. This was given much greater support by the results of independent estimates of paleo-CO2 using various indirect methods called proxies. The three principal proxies (see Royer and others, 2001b) are:the carbon isotopic composition of the carbonate in ancient soils (paleosols);the carbon isotopic composition of organic remains of specific plankton (small organisms that live near the surface of the oceans); and the stomatal density of fossil leaves. (Stomata are small holes in leaves that allow gases to enter and leave the leaf.) These methods, especially the paleosol method, found asimilar CO2 pattern to the GEOCARB modeling over the past 400 million years.After publishing three GEOCARB versions and a whole host of proxies, there is increasing evidence that global mean temperature correlates well with the level of atmospheric CO2 on a long-term (million year) geological time scale.

Fig. 10 （of page 39）. Atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 550 million years (Phanerozoic time) calculated by the GEOCARB II and III models. RCO2 represents the mass of CO2 at some past time to the rounded average

for the past million years (250 ppm). The black lines represent estimates of error (after Berner, 1994; Berner

and Kothavala, 2001).