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古植物学的故事(122期)
美国古植物学是如何崛起的?(之十三)
美国科学院院士、木材解剖学家Irving Widmer Bailey (1884-1967)
孙启高
2011年7月9日星期六
在20世纪上半叶,美国有两位非常著名的木材解剖学家,一位是耶鲁大学Samuel J. Record (1881--1945)教授,主要研究木材鉴定及材性,另一位是哈佛大学Irving Widmer Bailey (1884--1967)教授,主要研究植物系统发育。我在《耶鲁大学博士--中国著名木材解剖学家唐耀(1905—1998)》一文中提到过Samuel J. Record教授。本期《古植物学的故事》简要介绍美国科学院院士、木材解剖学家I. W. Bailey教授。
1884年8月15日I. W. Bailey出生于新罕布什尔州(New Hampshire)的Tilton,他的父亲叫Solon Irving Bailey,他的母亲叫Ruth Pouter Bailey。I. W. Bailey的父亲Solon Irving Bailey是天文学家,1881年从波士顿大学获得艺术学士学位,1888年从哈佛大学获得硕士学位(主修天文学)。Solon Irving Bailey曾到秘鲁进行高山天文台的选址和筹建工作。受父亲工作的影响,I. W. Bailey在南美度过了童年的大部分时光。1897年初,I. W. Bailey被送回马萨诸塞州的剑桥接受有序的正规教育,他旋即进入剑桥拉丁高中学习(Cambridge Latin High School)。
1903年I. W. Bailey进入哈佛学院(Harvard College)学习,1907年从哈佛学院获得艺术学士学位(A.B.—Bachelor of Arts)。之后,他开始林学硕士研究生的学习。在研究生学习的第2年,I. W. Bailey担任E. C. Jeffrey 教授的植物学教学助手,E. C. Jeffrey 教授对I. W. Bailey的学术发展影响较大。当时,I. W. Bailey与研究生Edmund W. Sinnott (1884--1967)和Arthur J. Eames学术联系很密切(后两位研究生本科毕业于哈佛大学)。1909年,I. W. Bailey从哈佛大学应用科学研究生院获得林学硕士学位。此后,I. W. Bailey一直供职于哈佛大学,长达58年。
I. W. Bailey先后在哈佛大学Bussey研究院(Bussey Institution)、阿诺德树木园( Arnold Arboretum) 、Gray 标本馆(Gray Herbarium)工作。 1912年被任命为林学院的助理教授。1920年担任林学副教授,但是他的工作完全是致力于植物解剖学之基础研究,而不是进行林业实际研究和林业经济方面的研究。1927年担任植物解剖学教授,为Bussey研究院的全职研究人员。1955年,I. W. Bailey已是70岁,到了必须退休的年龄。但是,他并没有停止研究。
I. W. Bailey从系统发育的角度利用现代植物开展了大量的木材解剖学研究,他的工作对化石木材的研究具有很重要的参考价值。我在这里简要介绍一下I. W. Bailey的古植物学研究,相关文献如下:
Bailey I. W., Sinnott E. W., 1915. A botanical index of Cretaceous and Tertiary climates. Science, 41:831--834
通过调查被子植物叶化石I.W. Bailey 和E. W. Sinnott发现被子植物叶片的一些特征,尤其是全缘叶种类百分比和年平均气温之间的相关关系非常密切。这一创新思想奠定了叶相分析的理论基础。
I. W. Bailey的古植物学研究还包括:
Bailey,I. W., 1911. A Cretaceous Pilyoxylon with marginal tracheids. Ann. Bot., 25:315-25.
1929年I. W. Bailey当选为美国科学院院士,1945年担任美国植物学会会长,1950年和1954年分别担任第7届国际植物学大会(斯德哥尔摩)和第8届国际植物学大会(巴黎)副主席。
1967年5月16日,I. W. Bailey去世。
主要参考文献:
Wetmore, Ralph H., 1974. A biographical memoir of Irving Widmer Bailey (1884-1967). National Academy of Sciences, Washington D. C.
Bailey I. W., Sinnott E. W., 1915. A botanical index of Cretaceous and Tertiary climates. Science, 41:831-834
Bailey I. W., Sinnott E. W., 1916. The climatic distribution of certain types of angiosperm leaves. American Journal of Botany, 3:24-39
Irving Widmer Bailey (1884-1967)
Papers
http://www.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/archives/BAILEY.html
耶鲁大学博士---中国著名木材解剖学家唐耀(1905—1998)
http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=388263
发表于 2010-11-28 14:43:36
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附:木材解剖学家Irving Widmer Bailey (1884-1967)论著目录
BIBLIOGRAPHY
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS
Am. J. Bot. = American Journal of Botany
Ann. Bot. = Annals of Botany (London)
Bot. Gaz. = Botanical Gazette (Chicago)
Chron. Bot. = Chronica Botanica
Forestry Quart. = Forestry Quarterly
J. Arnold Arbor. = Journal of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University
J. Forestry = Journal of Forestry
J. Gen. Physiol. = Journal of General Physiology
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Trop. Woods = Tropical Woods
1909
The structure of the wood in the Pineae. Bot. Gaz., 48:47-55.
1910
Microtechnique for woody structures. Bot. Gaz., 49:57-58.
Notes on the wood structure of the Betulaceae and Fagaceae. Forestry Quart., 8:178-85.
Anatomical characters in the evolution of Pinus. American Naturalist, 44:284-93.
Oxidizing enzymes and their relation to "sap stain" in lumber. Bot. Gaz., 50:142-47.
Reversionary characters of traumatic oak woods. Bot. Gaz., 50:374-80.
1911
The relation of the leaf-trace to the formation of compound rays in the lower dicotyledons. Ann. Bot., 25:225-41.
A Cretaceous Pilyoxylon with marginal tracheids. Ann. Bot., 25:315-25.
1912
The evolutionary history of the foliar ray in the wood of the dicotyledons; and its phylogenetic significance. Ann. Bot., 26:647-61.
1913
The preservative treatment of wood. I. The validity of certain theories concerning the penetration of gases and preservatives into seasoned wood. Forestry Quart., 11:5-11.
The preservative treatment of wood. II. The structure of the pit membranes in the tracheids of conifers and their relation to the penetration of gases, liquids and finely divided solids into green and seasoned wood. Forestry Quart., 11:12-20.
1914
With E. W. Sinnott. Investigations on the phylogeny of the angiosperms. II. Anatomical evidences of reduction in certain of the Amentiferae. Bot. Gaz., 58:36-60.
With P. C. Heald. Graded volume tables for Vermont hardwoods. Forestry Quart., 12:5-23.
With H. B. Shepard. Some observations on the variation in length of coniferous fibers. Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters, 9:522-27.
With J. S. Ames. Primitive characters recalled by the chestnut bark disease and other stimuli. Science, 39:290.
With E. W. Sinnott. Some technical aids for the anatomical study of decaying wood. Phytopathology, 4:403.
With E. W. Sinnott. Investigations on the phylogeny of the angiosperms. III. Nodal anatomy and the morphology of stipules. Am. J. Bot., 1:441-53.
With E. W. Sinnott. Investigations on the phylogeny of the angiosperms. IV. The origin and dispersal of herbaceous angiosperms. Ann. Bot., 28:547-600.
1915
With E. W. Sinnott. Investigations on the phylogeny of the angiosperms. V. Foliar evidence as to the ancestry and early climatic environment of the angiosperms. Am. J. Bot., 2:1-22.
The effect of the structure of wood upon its permeability. I. The tracheids of coniferous timbers. Bulletin of the American Railway Engineers Association, 174:835-53.
With E. W. Sinnott. The evolution of herbaceous plants and its bearing on certain problems of geology and climatology. Journal of Geology, 23:289-306.
With E. W. Sinnott. A botanical index of Cretaceous and Tertiary climates. Science, 41:831-34.
With H. B. Shepard. Sanio's laws for the variation in size of coniferous tracheids. Bot. Gaz., 60:66-71.
1916
With E. W. Sinnott. The climatic distribution of certain types of angiosperm leaves. Am. J. Bot, 3:24-39.
With W. P. Thompson. Are Tetracentron, Trochodendron and Drimys specialized or primitive types? Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, 6:27-32.
The structure of the bordered pits of conifers and its bearing upon the tension hypothesis of the ascent of sap in plants. Bot. Gaz., 62:133-42.
With R. P. Prichard. The significance of certain variations in the anatomical structure of wood. Forestry Quart., 14:662-70.
1917
The role of the microscope in the identification and classification of the "timbers of commerce." J. Forestry, 15:176-91.
1918
With W. W. Tupper. Size variation in tracheary cells. I. A comparison between the secondary xylems of vascular cryptogams,
gymnosperms and angiosperms. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 54:149-204.
With W. P. Thompson. Additional notes upon the angiosperms Tetracentron, Trochodendron and Drimys, in which vessels are absent from the wood. Ann. Bot., 32:503-12.
Report on method and apparatus for mechanically testing wooden parts of airplanes. Wood Section, Materials Engineering Department, Bureau of Aircraft Production, Dayton, Ohio.
1919
Depressed segments of oak stems. Bot. Gaz., 67:438-41.
Structure, development and distribution of so-called rims or bars of Sanio. Bot. Gaz., 68:449-68.
Phenomena of cell division in the cambium of arborescent gymnosperms and their cytological significance. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.,5:283-85.
1920
The formation of the cell plate in the cambium of the higher plants. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 6:197-200.
The significance of the cambium in the study of certain physiological problems. J. Gen. Physiol., 2:519-33.
Some relations between ants and fungi. Ecology, 1:174-89.
The cambium and its derivative tissues. II. Size variations of cambial initials in gymnosperms and angiosperms. Am. J. Bot., 7:355-67.
Phragmospheres and binucleate cells. Bot. Gaz., 70:469-71.
The cambium and its derivative tissues. III. A reconnaissance of cytological phenomena in the cambium. Am. J. Bot., 7:417-34.
With W. M. Wheeler. The feeding habits of Pseudomyrmine and other ants. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (II), 22:235-79.
1922
The pollination of Marcgravia: a classical case of ornithophily? Am. J. Bot., 9:370-84.
The anatomy of certain plants from the Belgian Congo, with special reference to myrmecophytism. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45:585-621.
With E. W. Sinnott. The significance of the "foliar ray" in the evolution of herbaceous angiosperms. Ann. Bot., 36:523-33.
Notes on neotropical ant-plants. I. Cecropia angulata sp. nov. Bot. Gaz., 74:369-91.
1923
Notes on neotropical ant-plants. II. Tachigalia paniculata Aubl. Bot. Gaz., 75:27-41.
Slime bodies of Robinia pseudo-acacia L. Phytopathology, 13:322-33.
The cambium and its derivative tissues. IV. The increase in girth of the cambium. Am. J. Bot. 10:499-509.
1924
Notes on neotropical ant-plants. III. Cordia nodosa Lam. Bot. Gaz., 77:32-49.
The problem of identifying the wood of Cretacous and later dicotyledons: Paraphyllanthoxylon arizonense. Ann. Bot., 38:439-51.
Abnormalities of ring growth and cell structure. In: Studies on the Spruce Budworm, pp. 58-61. Technical Bulletin No. 37. Toronto, Canadian Department of Agriculture. So-called bars or rims of Sanio. Bot. Gaz., 78:124-25.
1925
Some salient lines of specialization in tracheary pitting. I. Gymnospermae. Ann. Bot., 39:587-98.
The "spruce budworm" biocoenose. I. Frost rings as indicators of the chronology of specific biological events. Bot. Gaz., 80:93-101.
The "spruce budworm" biocoenose. II. Structural abnormalities in Abies balsamea. Bot. Gaz., 80:300-10.
1929
With H. A. Spoehr. The Role of Research in the Development of Forestry in North America. New York, Macmillan Co. xii +118 pp.
1930
The cambium and its derivative tissues. V. A reconnaissance of the vacuome in living cells. Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung mikroscopische Anatomie, 10:651-82.
1931
With C. Zirkle. The cambium and its derivative tissues. VI. The effects of hydrogen ion concentration in vital staining. J. Gen. Physiol, 14:363-83.
1932
Preliminary notes on cribriform and vestured pits. Trop. Woods, 31:46-48.
1933
The cambium and its derivative tissues. VII. Problems in identifying the wood of Mesozoic Coniferae. Ann. Bot., 47:145-57.
The cambium and its derivative tissues. VIII. Structure, distribution, and diagnostic significance of vestured pits in dicotyledons. J. Arnold Arbor., 14:259-73.
1934
With A. F. Faull. The cambium and its derivative tissues. IX. Structural variability in the redwood, Sequoia sempervirens, and its significance in the identification of fossil woods. J. ArnoldArbor., 15:233-54.
With T. Kerr. The cambium and its derivative tissues. X. Structure, optical properties and chemical composition of the socalled middle lamella. J. Arnold Arbor., 15:327-49.
1935
With T. Kerr. The visible structure of the secondary wall and its significance in physical and chemical investigations of tracheary cells and fibers. J. Arnold Arbor., 16:273-300.
1936
The problem of differentiating and classifying tracheids, fibertracheids and libriform wood fibers. Trop. Woods, 45:18-23.
1937
With M. R. Vestal. The orientation of cellulose in the secondary wall of tracheary cells. J. Arnold Arbor., 18:185-95.
With M. R. Vestal. The significance of certain wood-destroying fungi in the study of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. J. Arnold Arbor., 18:196-205.
With T. Kerr. The structural variability of the secondary wall as revealed by "lignin" residues. J. Arnold Arbor., 18:261-72.
1938
Cell wall structure of higher plants. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 30:40-47.
With E. S. Barghoorn, Jr. The occurrence of Cedrus in the auriferous gravels of California. Am. J. Bot., 25:641-47.
1939
The microfibrillar and microcapillary structure of the cell wall. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 66:201-13.
1940
With E. S. Barghoorn, Jr. A useful method for the study of pollen in peat. Ecology, 21:513-14.
The walls of plant cells. In: The Cell and Protoplasm, ed. by F. R. Moulton, pp. 31-43. AAAS Publication No. 14. Washington, D.C., American Association for the Advancement of Science.
1941
With R. A. Howard. The comparative morphology of the leaIRVING
WIDMER BAILEY 51 cinaceae. I. Anatomy of the node and internode. J. Arnold Abor., 22:125-32.
With R. A. Howard. The comparative morphology of the Icacinaceae. II. Vessels. J. Arnold Arbor., 22:171-87.
With A. C. Smith. Brassiantha, a new genus of Hippocrateaceae from New Guinea. J. Arnold Arbor., 22:389-94.
With R. A. Howard. The comparative morphology of the Icacinaceae. III. Imperf orate tracheary elements and xylem parenchyma. J. Arnold Arbor., 22:432-42.
With R. A. Howard. The comparative morphology of the Icacinaceae. IV. Rays of the secondary xylem. J. Arnold Arbor., 22:556-68.
1942
With H. F. Wershing. Seedlings as experimental material in the study of "redwood" in conifers. J. Forestry, 40:411-14.
With E. S. Barghoorn, Jr. Identification and physical condition of the stakes and wattles from the fishweir. Chapter 6 in: The Boston Street Fishweir. Papers of the Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology, Vol. 2. Andover, Mass., Philips Academy.
With A. C. Smith. Degeneriaceae, a new family of flowering plants from Fiji. J. Arnold Arbor., 23:356-65.
With E. E. Berkley. The significance of x-rays in studying the orientation of cellulose in the secondary wall of tracheids. Am. J. Bot., 29:231-41.
Descriptions and illustrations of Triplaris surinamensis. (A section including photomicrographs contained in an article by W. M. Wheeler entitled "Studies of neotropical ant-plants and their ants.") Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 90:50-53.
1943
Some misleading terminologies in the literature of "plant tissue culture." Science, 98:539.
With C. G. Nast and A. C. Smith. The family Himantandraceae. J. Arnold Arbor., 24:190-206.
With C. G. Nast. The comparative morphology of the Winteraceae. I. Pollen and stamens. J. Arnold Arbor., 24:340-46.
With C. G. Nast. The comparative morphology of the Winteraceae. II. Carpels. J. Arnold Arbor., 24:472-81.
1944
The comparative morphology of the Winteraceae. III. Wood. J. Arnold Arbor., 25:97-103.
With C. G. Nast. The comparative morphology of the Winteraceae. IV. Anatomy of the node and vascularization of the leaf. J. Arnold Arbor., 25:215-21.
With C. G. Nast. The comparative morphology of the Winteraceae.
V. Foliar epidermis and sclerenchyma. J. Arnold Arbor., 25:342-48.
The development of vessels in angiosperms and its significance in morphological research. Am. J. Bot., 31:421-28.
1945
With C. G. Nast. The comparative morphology of the Winteraceae. VII. Summary and conclusions. J. Arnold Arbor., 26:37-47.
With C. G. Nast. Morphology and relationships of Trochodendron and Tetracentron. I. Stem, root and leaf. J. Arnold Arbor., 26:143-54.
With C. G. Nast. Morphology and relationships of Trochodendron and Tetracentron. II. Inflorescence, flower and fruit. J. Arnold Arbor., 26:267-76.
Botany and its applications at Harvard: A confidential report to the Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, pp. 1-116.
1946
With C. G. Nast. Morphology of Euptelea and comparison with Trochodendron. J. Arnold Arbor., 27:186-92.
1948
With C. G. Nast. Morphology and relationships of Illicium, Schisandra and Kadsura. I. Stem and leaf. J. Arnold Arbor., 29:77-89.
With B. G. L. Swamy. Amborella trichopoda Baill. A new type of vesselless dicotyledon. J. Arnold Arbor., 29:215.
With B. G. L. Swamy. Amborella trichopoda Baill. A new morphological type of vesselless dicotyledon. J. Arnold Arbor., 29:245-54.
1949
Origin of the angiosperms: need for a broadened outlook. J. Arnold Arbor., 30:64-70.
With B. G. L. Swamy. The morphology and relationships of Cercidiphyllum. J. Arnold Arbor., 30:187-210.
With B. G. L. Swamy. The morphology and relationships of Austrobaileya. J. Arnold Arbor., 30:211-26.
1950
With B. G. L. Swamy. Sarcandra, a vesselless genus of the Chloranthaceae. J. Arnold Arbor., 31:117-29.
With L. L. Money and B. G. L. Swamy. The morphology and relationships of the Monimiaceae. J. Arnold Arbor., 31:372-404.
With P. C. Mangelsdorf. The administration of Harvard's endowed botanical institutions. A report to the Coordinating Committee for the Biological Sciences of the Board of Overseers. 62 pp.
1951
The use and the abuse of anatomical data in the study of phylogeny and classification. Phytomorphology, 1:1-3.
With B. G. L. Swamy. The conduplicate carpel of dicotyledons and its initial trends of specialization. Am. J. Bot., 38:373-79.
Cooperation versus isolation in botanical research. Chron. Bot.,12:126-33.
1952
Biological processes in the formation of wood. Science, 115:255-59.
1953
Evolution of the tracheary tissue of land plants. Am. J. Bot., 40:4-8.
With A. C. Smith. A new Fijian species of Calyptosepalum. J. Arnold Arbor., 34:52-64.
With B. G. L. Swamy. The morphology and relationships of Idenburgia and Nouhuysia. J. Arnold Arbor., 34:77-85.
The anatomical approach to the study of genera. Chron. Bot., 14:121-25.
1954
Contributions to Plant Anatomy. Waltham, Massachusetts, Chronica Botanica Co. xxiv + 259 pp.
With M. P. F. Marsden. A fourth type of nodal anatomy in dicotyledons, illustrated by Clerodendron trichotomum Thunb. J. Arnold Arbor., 36:1-51.
1956
Nodal anatomy in retrospect. J. Arnold Arbor., 37:269-87.
The relationship between Sphenostemon of New Caledonia and Nouhuysia of New Guinea. J. Arnold Arbor., 37:360-65.
1957
Die Struktur der Tiipfelmembranen bei den Tracheiden der Koniferen. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 15:210-13.
Aggregations of microfibrils and their orientations in the secondary wall of coniferous tracheids. Am. J. Bot., 44:415-18.
With A. Fahn. The nodal anatomy and the primary vascular cylinder of the Calycanthaceae. J. Arnold Arbor., 38:107-19.
The potentialities and limitations of wood anatomy in the study of the phylogeny and classification of angiosperms. J. Arnold Arbor., 38:243-54.
Additional notes on the vesselless dicotyledon, Amborella trichopoda Baill. J. Arnold Arbor., 38:374-80.
1958
Need for a broadened outlook in cell wall terminologies. Phytomorphology, 7:136-38.
The structure of tracheids in relation to the movement of liquids, suspensions, and undissolved gases. In: The Physiology of Forest Trees, ed. by K. V. Thimann, pp. 71-82. New York, The Ronald Press.
1960
Some useful techniques in the study and interpretation of pollen morphology. J. Arnold Arbor., 41:141-51.
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. I. Foliar vasculature of Pereskia, Pereskiopsis and Quiabentia. J. Arnold Arbor., 41:341-56.
1961
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. II. Structure and distribution of sclerenchyma in the phloem of Pereskia, Pereskiopsis and Quiabentia. J. Arnold Arbor., 42:144-56.
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. III. Form and distribution of crystals in Pereskia, Pereskiopsis and Quiabentia. J. Arnold Arbor., 42:334-46.
1962
With L. M. Srivastava. Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. IV. The fusiform initials of the cambium and the form and structure of their derivatives. J. Arnold Arbor., 43:187-202.
With L. M. Srivastava. Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. V. The secondary phloem. J. Arnold Arbor., 43:234-78.
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. VI. The xylem of Pereskia sacharosa and Pereskia aculeata. J. Arnold Arbor., 43:376-88.
1963
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. VII. The xylem of the Pereskias from Peru and Bolivia. J. Arnold Arbor.,44:127-37.
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. VIII. The xylem of Pereskias from southern Mexico and Central America. J. Arnold Arbor., 44:211-21.
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. IX. The xylem of Pereskia grandifolia and Pereskia bleo. J. Arnold Arbor., 44:222-31.
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. X. The xylem of Pereskia colombiana, Pereskia guamacho, Pereskia cubensis, and Pereskia portulacifolia. J. Arnold Arbor., 44:390-401.
1964
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. XI. The xylem of Pereskiopsis and Quiabentia. J. Arnold Arbor., 45:140-57.
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. XII. Pre56 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS liminary observations upon the structure of the epidermis, stomata and cuticle. J. Arnold Arbor., 45:374-89.
1965
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. XIII. The occurrence of water-soluble anisotropic bodies in air-dried and alcohol-dehydrated leaves of Pereskia and Pereskiopsis. J. Arnold Arbor., 46:74-85.
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. XIV. Preliminary observations on the vasculature of cotyledons. J. Arnold Arbor., 46:445-52.
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. XV. Some preliminary observations on the occurrence of "protein bodies." J. Arnold Arbor., 46:453-64.
1966
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. XVI. The development of water-soluble crystals in dehydrated leaves of Pereskiopsis. J. Arnold Arbor., 47:273-87.
The significance of the reduction of vessels in the Cactaceae. J. Arnold Arbor, 47:288-92.
1968
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. XVII. Preliminary observations on the problem of transitions from broad to terete leaves. J. Arnold Arbor., 49:370-79.
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