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“VB”是一种新的、更具传染性的 HIV 变种——但它是可以治疗的
诸平
A computer illustration of HIV infecting an immune system cell
Science Photo Library / Alamy Stock Photo
据《新科学家》(New Scientist)网站2022年2月3日报道,一种新的、更具传染性的HIV变种病毒—— “VB variant” (for virulent subtype B)在荷兰流行, 但它是可以治疗的。新变种主要在荷兰发现,传染性更强,但可以通过现有测试检测到并对治疗有反应(‘VB’ is a new and more infectious variant of HIV – but it is treatable)。相关研究结果于2022年2月3日已经在《科学》(Science)杂志网站发表——Chris Wymant, Daniela Bezemer, François Blanquart, Luca Ferretti, Astrid Gall, Matthew Hall, Tanya Golubchik, Margreet Bakker,Swee Hoe Ong, Lele Zhao, David Bonsall, Mariateresa De Cesare, George Macintyre-Cockett, Lucie Abeler-Dörner, Jan Albert, Norbert Bannert, Jacques Fellay, M. Kate Grabowski, Barbara Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer, Huldrych F. Günthard, Pia Kivelä, Roger D. Kouyos, Oliver Laeyendecker, Laurence Meyer, Kholoud Porter, Matti Ristola, Ard Van Sighem, Ben Berkhout, Paul Kellam, Marion Cornelissen, Peter Reiss, Christophe Fraser, The Netherlands ATHENA HIV Observational Cohort, The BEEHIVE Collaboration. A highly virulent variant of HIV-1 circulating in the Netherlands. Science, 3 Feb 2022, 375(6580): 540-545. DOI: 10.1126/science.abk1688. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abk1688
在欧洲发现了一种更具传染性和潜在危险的 HIV 变种。医生说,这一发现意味着,对于高风险人群来说,定期检测病毒并立即开始治疗比以往任何时候都更加重要。由于广泛使用抑制病毒的药物,过去十年全球新感染艾滋病毒(所有已知变体的总和)的数量有所下降。这种名为VB的新变体与普通HIV一样可治疗,并且可以使用与其他HIV变体相同的诊断测试来检测。
已知只有109人感染了VB,除两人外,其他人都住在荷兰。但可能会有更多不知道的人被感染。牛津大学( University of Oxford)的克里斯·威曼特(Chris Wymant)说,对HIV进行测序的研究人员应该检查他们的数据库中是否有更多的变异病例。
接受治疗的HIV感染者(无论是否是VB类型)现在的寿命接近正常,如果他们没有错过服药,病毒在他们的血液和体液中变得无法检测到,因此即使在没有避孕套的性行为情况下也无法将其传播(cannot pass it on even during sex without a condom)。没有艾滋病毒的人也可以服用同样的药物来避免感染(same drugs to avoid catching it)。
新变种是通过一个名为Beehive的项目发现的。该研究旨在了解HIV基因与疾病严重程度之间的联系,并基于乌干达(Uganda)和欧洲8个国家的HIV序列数据库。
克里斯·威曼特的团队最初在荷兰的16人、瑞士的1人和比利时的1人中发现了VB。进一步挖掘发现了其他人,他们都在荷兰。遗传分析表明,该变体于20世纪90年代出现在该国。新的VB病例数从2000年左右开始迅速上升,然后从2008年左右开始下降。大多数感染者没有立即接受治疗,因为当时不建议这样做。
如果不加以治疗,HIV会逐渐感染越来越多的免疫细胞,而一种称为CD4细胞的特定类型会随着时间的推移而下降,直到人们完全无法抵抗感染并患上艾滋病。当CD4水平低于每毫升血液350个细胞时,患有VB的人更快地进展到称为晚期HIV的阶段,这表明该变体更具毒性。
通过跟踪导致每次新感染的病毒随时间发生的变异程度,该团队得出结论,平均而言,新诊断出的30多岁的人达到艾滋病毒晚期阶段仅需要9个月。对于其他变体,则需要三年时间。
克里斯·威曼特说:“[VB]病毒在人与人之间传播,没有太多进化,这表明该过程比平时发生得更快。所以它们更具传染性。”不过,分析并未揭示为什么这种变体更具传染性。
伦敦大学学院(University College London)的卡罗琳·萨宾( Caroline Sabin)说:“这些发现进一步支持了对有风险的人进行频繁检测和在确诊时快速开始治疗是非常必要的。如果没有接受这些治疗,必将感染者处于非常不同的境地。”
上述介绍,仅供参考。欲了解更多信息,敬请注意浏览原文【《科学》(Science),DOI:10.1126/science.abk1688)】或者相关报道。
Changes in viral load and CD4+ T cell decline are expected signals of HIV evolution. By examining data from well-characterized European cohorts, Wymant et al. report an exceptionally virulent subtype of HIV that has been circulating in the Netherlands for several years (see the Perspective by Wertheim). More than one hundred individuals infected with a characteristic subtype B lineage of HIV-1 were found who experienced double the rate of CD4+ cell count declines than expected. By the time they were diagnosed, these individuals were vulnerable to developing AIDS within 2 to 3 years. This virus lineage, which has apparently arisen de novo since around the millennium, shows extensive change across the genome affecting almost 300 amino acids, which makes it hard to discern the mechanism for elevated virulence. —CA
We discovered a highly virulent variant of subtype-B HIV-1 in the Netherlands. One hundred nine individuals with this variant had a 0.54 to 0.74 log10 increase (i.e., a ~3.5-fold to 5.5-fold increase) in viral load compared with, and exhibited CD4 cell decline twice as fast as, 6604 individuals with other subtype-B strains. Without treatment, advanced HIV—CD4 cell counts below 350 cells per cubic millimeter, with long-term clinical consequences—is expected to be reached, on average, 9 months after diagnosis for individuals in their thirties with this variant. Age, sex, suspected mode of transmission, and place of birth for the aforementioned 109 individuals were typical for HIV-positive people in the Netherlands, which suggests that the increased virulence is attributable to the viral strain. Genetic sequence analysis suggests that this variant arose in the 1990s from de novo mutation, not recombination, with increased transmissibility and an unfamiliar molecular mechanism of virulence.
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