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将塑料废料转化为航空燃料的方法
诸平
据美国华盛顿州立大学(Washington State University,WSU)2019年6月3日提供的消息,该大学的雷汉武(Hanwu Lei音译)博士与中国华东理工大学(East China University of Science and Technology)以及美国明尼苏达大学(University of Minnesota)的科研人员合作,完成了利用废塑料制造航空燃料的研究。雷汉武博士和他的研究团队一直致力于为塑料垃圾寻找新出路。他们发现了一种将日常塑料垃圾转化为航空燃料的方法。相关研究结果于2019年5月20日已经在《应用能源》(Applied Energy)杂志网站发表——Yayun Zhang,Dengle Duan, Hanwu Lei, Elmar Villota, Roger Ruan. Jet fuel production from waste plastics via catalytic pyrolysis with activated carbons. Applied Energy,Volume 251, 1 October 2019, 113337. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113337
在论文中,雷汉武等人他们用活性炭在高温下融化塑料垃圾,可以生产航空燃料。雷博士是华盛顿州立大学生物系统工程系的副教授,他说:“废弃塑料是一个世界性的大问题”,他们的研究成果“是一种很好的、相对简单的回收塑料的方法。”
具体说,此项成果是如何工作的呢?
在实验中,雷博士和他的同事们测试了低密度聚乙烯,并混合了各种废旧塑料产品,比如水瓶、奶瓶和塑料袋,然后把它们磨碎到大约3mm(大约一粒米那么大)的小颗粒。
然后将塑料颗粒置于活性炭管反应器中,置于430~571℃的高温下。实际上碳是一种催化剂,能够加速化学反应而不被反应所消耗。雷博士说:“塑料很难分解,必须添加催化剂来帮助打破其化学键。塑料中含有大量的氢,而氢是燃料的关键成分。”
一旦碳催化剂完成了它的工作,即可被分离出来,在下一批废塑料转化中再利用。催化剂失去活性后也可以再生。在不同温度下测试了几种不同的催化剂后,他们得到了85%的航空燃料和15%的柴油的混合物。
环境影响
根据美国环境保护署(Environmental Protection Agency,EPA)的数据,2015年美国的垃圾填埋场接收了2600万吨塑料,最新的统计数据可以直接浏览EPA网站。美国EPA利用美国化学委员会和美国聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(polyethylene terephthalate, PET)容器资源协会的数据,来衡量塑料的回收利用。2015年回收塑料总量相对较少,为310万吨,回收率为9.1%,但某些特定类型塑料容器的回收利用更为显著一些。2015年PET瓶瓶回收率为29.9%,HDPE瓶回收率为30.3%。2015年美国城市生活垃圾塑料燃烧总量为540万吨。这只是当年所有垃圾焚烧与能源回收的15.9%。2015年,美国的垃圾填埋场接收了2600万吨塑料。这占填埋场所有都市固体废物的18.9%。而且中国最近已经停止接受来自美国和加拿大的回收塑料。据科学家保守估计,全球每年至少有480万吨塑料进入海洋。可见,解决塑料污染问题,迫在眉睫,刻不容缓。
雷汉武等人的这种新工艺不仅能减少环境污染,而且可以避免浪费资源,关键是生产出来的东西很少被浪费掉。雷博士说:“我们可以从我们测试的塑料中回收几乎100%的能量,生产的这种燃料质量非常好,产生的副产品气体质量高,也很有用。”他还说,“这个过程的方法很容易扩展。它可以在大型设施中使用,甚至可以在农场中使用,在那里农民可以将废塑料垃圾转化为柴油。要想得到航空燃油,就必须把生产出来的产品进行分馏才能分开,否则他们的混合物就只能作为柴油使用了。”更多信息请注意浏览原文或者相关报道。
•Catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics over activated carbon catalyst was studied.
•Up to 100% of obtained liquid compounds belonged to jet fuel-range hydrocarbons.
•Alkanes and aromatics rich liquid products could be selectively achieved.
•P-containing function groups could promote aromatization reactions.
Abstract
With the increasing amount of waste plastics being used domestically and industrially, the disposition of those being not reusable is a challenging task. Herein, the catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics over seven types of commercial and home-made activated carbons was studied in a facile tube reactor. A central composite experimental design was further adapted to optimize the reaction conditions and up to 100 area% of the obtained liquid components belonged to jet fuel-ranged hydrocarbons, in which alkanes and aromatics accounted for 71.8% and 28.2%, respectively. Experiment results revealed that these activated carbons although generated via various physical and chemical activation processes could all exhibited excellent catalytic performance in converting low-density polyethylene into jet fuel and H2-enriched gases. Properties of activated carbons were also characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, nitrogen gas adsorption, and chemical adsorption. It can be concluded that the acidity was a critical factor in determining the catalyst activity, where jet fuel-ranged alkanes and aromatics were favored by using activated carbons of weak and relevant strong acidity, respectively. Rising catalytic reaction temperature could enhance the aromatization of alkanes to increase the percentage of aromatics and release more hydrogen molecules. In addition, the production of jet fuel was also achieved from daily waste plastics, which was also confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The present work offers a novel route of converting waste plastics directly into transportation jet fuel.
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