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科学网为媒,我与《Nature》结缘
姜文来
2017年4月,著名学术出版机构施普林格出版集团宣布撤销旗下期刊《肿瘤生物学(TumorBiology)》的107篇中国肿瘤生物学领域论文,涉及中国500多名研究人员,引起社会的广泛关注。我对此事也很上心,在科学网博客发表了《107篇论文被撤稿,不能只打作者的屁股》,科学网还将其作为精选,增加阅读量。没有想到因为此文促成了我与《Nature》结缘。
该文发表后,引起《Nature》亚太记者David Cyranoski的关注。David Cyranoski通过邮件与我联系,交流有关问题及看法,都是他问我答。估计David Cyranoski此段时间也采访了国家自然基金委主任杨卫。DavidCyranoski写了一篇报道《China cracks down on fake peer reviews:Funding agencies announce harsh penalties and stronger policingefforts.》,发表在2017年6月20日出版的《Nature》上。
关于此评论,出现了两种极端的声音,一种认为充满了正能量,对我国论文同行评议和科研评价有积极的推动作用,另一种声音认为此文有点负能量,不宜广泛传播。作者认为,关于此事件的评论就是一个评论,就是针对学术问题的学术评论,是个人的看法,他没有那么大的功效,更不必上升到更高的高度甚至政治高度。
从此件事情中可以窥探科学网的传播能力很强。他是一个很好的平台,是科学人精神家园,我们可以随意耕耘,但同时也提醒各位同仁,科学网博客虽然是块自留地,但由于其公开性并不是什么都可以发表,考虑其社会影响是不可缺少的一个因素,也是科学人自我规范的要求。与各位同仁共勉!
因科学网一篇博客与《Nature》结缘,这是我没有想到的。作为中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所一名普通的科研人员,感谢科学网给我们提供这个平台,我们一起努力共同维护好这个平台,让其发挥最大的功效。
附件一:《Nature》 报道原文
China cracksdown on fake peer reviews
Funding agencies announce harshpenalties and stronger policing efforts.
20 June 2017
The Chinesegovernment is going on the offensive against scientists who dupe journals bycreating fraudulent reviews of submitted papers. A coalition of agencies led bythe science ministry announced on 14 June that the government wouldsuspend the grants of researchers involved in such fraud, which surfacedearlier this year when a cancer journal retracted 107 research papers fromChinese authors. And funding agencies in China promised to increase policing ofthe scientific community to prevent similar deceptions.
The harshpenalties and stricter enforcement were decided earlier this month at a meetingof representatives of the science ministry, the health ministry, the NationalNatural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and other agencies.
“To have so manyagencies and so much personnel work together on the problem of manuscriptfabrication is, to my knowledge, unprecedented,” says Jiang Wenlai, awater-resources researcher at the Institute of Agricultural Resources andRegional Planning in Beijing, part of the Chinese Academy of AgriculturalSciences.
The meeting wasa response to retractions made in April by the journal Tumor Biology,after its publisher, Springer Nature, found that reviews submitted in supportof 107 papers had been fabricated. (Springer Nature no longerpublishes Tumor Biology. Nature is published by Springer Nature,and Nature’s News and Comment team is editorially independent of thepublisher.)
Fraud in peerreview is a global problem. It occurs when researchers — or companiesacting on their behalf — suggest scientists as potential peer reviewers,but the e-mails supplied for the reviewers route back to the authors or thecompanies, who then write spurious reviews supporting publication.
Online companiesthat orchestrate fake peer review are among the main targets of the crackdown.The coalition hopes to enlist the government’s Cyberspace Administration ofChina, the agency that censors the Internet in China. It could identify theculprits behind the companies, says Yang Wei, head of the NSFC. “If you shutone [website] down, they will just open three others,” he says. “Our goalis to find the person behind them.”
The problemextends well beyond cancer research. “You can go online and see lots of them.Different fields are served by different companies,” says Yang.
Surprisingly,only 17 of the 107 retracted papers were funded by the NSFC, even though theagency supports more than 60% of Chinese scientific research. Yang says thatmany of the scientists involved are at the start of their careers, trying toget a foot in the door. They are desperate to have a first publication so thatthey can then apply for better grants. The NSFC found that more than 30 of itspending grant applications were based on the retracted papers. Thoseapplications have been cancelled.
Some observerson social media are sympathetic towards clinical researchers caught up in thescandal. Physicians in China are often pressured to publish, but are givenlittle time or resources to do so. Jiang, too, is sympathetic, but says thatsuch publications are aimed at personal advancement, rather than making acontribution to science. He says that although the authors cannot be excused,other factors are to blame, including an unreasonable evaluation system andacademic journals that show insufficient diligence over peer review. “It is notjust the problem of the author, it is a societal problem,” says Jiang. “Justpunishing the author will not eradicate the problem.”
The success ofthe government’s crackdown will depend on whether it can link strictimplementation to a fairer system of evaluation for doctors and researchers,says Jiang.
Nature 546,464(22 June 2017) doi:10.1038/546464a
附件二:《Nature》报道 中文译文:
中国政府将对制造虚假论文评审欺骗投稿期刊的科研人员采取处理。国家科技部下属有关部门于6月14日发布声明称,政府将暂停为学术涉及某欺诈事件的研究人员拨款,该事件即是指今年早些时候某肿瘤期刊撤销了107篇中国作者的研究论文一事。中国基金会承诺会加大对科研领域的监管力度,防止此类欺诈现象再次发生。本月早些时候,国家科技部、卫计委、国家自然基金委等多个部门的代表召开会议,通过了对科研不端行为加大惩处力度的意见。
“据我所知,以前从来没有让这么多部门和人员一起研究解决论文造假问题。”中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所水资源研究员姜文来如是说道。
此次会议旨在回应4月份《肿瘤生物学》杂志撤稿事件,杂志出版商Springer Nature发现支持107篇论文通过的评审结果存在造假问题。此后Springer Nature停止出版了《肿瘤生物学》杂志。
虚假同行评审的问题在世界范围内都存在。当研究人员或论文代理公司推荐某些科研专家作为同行评议者,但填的电子邮箱却是其个人或公司自己的邮箱时,他们便会撰写建议论文发表的虚假评审意见。
杜撰虚假同行评审意见的网上论文代理公司是此次要严肃处理的主要目标。有关部门希望联合中央网络安全和信息化领导小组办公室来找出论文代理公司背后的始作俑者。“如果你关闭了一家(网站),他们又会开出另外的,”国家自然基金委主任杨卫表示,“我们的目标是找出事件背后的主谋。”
这个问题其实已经超出了癌症研究的范围。“你可以上网找找,有很多,不同的公司提供不同领域的服务,”杨卫表示。
令人惊讶的是,在这一事件中107个撤销的论文中只有17篇是由国家自然科学基金资助的,而国家自然科学基金实际上为60%以上的国内研究提供了资助。杨卫认为,许多涉事的科学家才刚刚开始自己的职业生涯,为了能站稳脚跟,他们就不顾一切地在首次论文发表时寻求这种“帮助”,是为了能申请更好的资助。国家自然科学基金委发现了30多个待处理的申请中包含了这些被撤销的论文。目前这些申请已被取消。
一些旁观者在社交媒体上对此次涉丑的临床研究人员表示了同情。中国的医生被迫需要发表论文,但是却很少有时间或资源去做研究。姜文来也对此表示同情,但表示这些发表的论文纯粹只是为了个人晋升,对科学发展却毫无益处。他认为虽然这些作者难辞其咎,但其他一些因素也导致了这种情况的出现,比如不合理的评估体系,以及学术期刊在同行评审方面缺乏监督。“这不仅仅是作者的问题,这是一个社会问题,”姜文来说,“只惩罚作者并不能解决这个问题。”
在姜文来看来,此次政府的处理行动能否取得成功,在于实际操作中是否能为医生和科研人员严格贯彻一个更加公正的评价体系。
参考文献:
1.David Cyranoski. Chinacracks down on fake peer reviews,Nature,June 20,2017. doi:10.1038/546464a
2. 徐志杰,Nature发文,评论“虚假同行评审”致论文撤稿事件,
http://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=2cbb1036857f。
说明:报道译文由徐志杰翻译,感谢徐志杰及MedSci(梅斯)。
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