求真分享 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/u/zlyang 求真务实

博文

[讨论] 假如肖克莱使用“智能手机”,还能在不到 39天内提出“结型晶体管”的理论构造吗?

已有 817 次阅读 2024-7-19 22:49 |个人分类:科学 - 艺术 - 社会|系统分类:科研笔记

[讨论] 假如肖克莱使用“智能手机”,还能在不到 39天内提出“结型晶体管”的理论构造吗?

                                

肖克莱: William Bradford Shockley, 1910-02-13 ~ 1989-08-12, 79

结型晶体管: junction transistor

P-N结效应: P-N junction effect

                           

                            

核心:

假如肖克莱使用“智能手机”

肖克莱还能在不到 39天内提出“结型晶体管”的理论构造吗?

                            

William Bradford Shockley, The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956.jpg

图1  肖克莱William Bradford Shockley, 1910-02-13 ~ 1989-08-12, 79

https://www.nobelprize.org/images/shockley-13116-portrait-mini-2x.jpg

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1956/shockley/facts/

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1956/summary/

                            

一、不到 39天,肖克莱就不郁闷了

1.1  肖克莱的结型晶体管理论构想

   1947-12-16,巴丁(John Bardeen)、布拉坦(Walter Houser Brattain)制作出第一只“点接触晶体管 pointcontact transistor, point-contact transistor”。

   地点:新泽西州默里山贝尔实验室1号楼四层(the fourth floor of Buildingat Bell Labs in Murray Hill, NJ.)。

   谁知道房间号?

                     

   在欧洲度假的肖克莱赶紧回来。无比悲愤的肖克莱,决定单干。1948-01-23 肖克莱提出了采用 Russell Ohl 发明的 PN 结来制作晶体管的设想。“PN结晶体管 junction transistor”比“点接触晶体管”晚了一个多月(不到 39天)。

   不到 39天,郁闷的肖克莱就不郁闷了。

   谁知道肖克莱哪天从欧洲回到贝尔实验室的?

                            

   这种固体半导体材料制成双极结型晶体管,贝尔在 1952年推出。在肖克莱理论设想提出三年之后的 1951年,Gordon Teal 生长了大型锗单晶,并与 Morgan Sparks 合作制造了第一只 N-P-N 结晶体管。

                            

500004665-05-01.jpg

图2  Page from William Shockley's notebook

https://images.computerhistory.org/revonline/images/500004665-05-01.jpg?w=600

https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/273/1354

A page from Shockley's lab notebook describing his junction idea 肖克莱实验室笔记本上的一页,描述了他的连接想法

https://images.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/1948-1-3.jpg

https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/conception-of-the-junction-transistor/

                            

El transistor de Shockley Imagen2-1.jpg

图3  Izquierda: Cuaderno de laboratorio de Shockley explicando los detalles del transistor de unión. Derecha: el dispositivo ideado por Shockley partía del de Bardeen y Brattain en el que colocó encima de la capa de inversión del dispositivo de los primeros una capa N a la que había acceso independiente, según se ve en el esquema de su cuaderno de laboratorio. Este dispositivo fue dado a conocer varios años después del de Bardeen y Brattain, en julio de 1951

左:肖克莱的实验室笔记本,解释了结晶体管的细节。右:肖克莱设计的设备是从Bardeen和Brattain的设备开始的,他在前者的设备投资层上方放置了一个可以独立访问的N层,如他的实验室笔记本大纲所示。该设备是在1951年7月Bardeen和Brattain之后几年发布的

https://blogs.publico.es/ignacio-martil/files/2022/12/Imagen2-1.jpg

https://blogs.publico.es/ignacio-martil/2022/12/16/75-anos-del-transistor-la-invencion-mas-importante-del-siglo-xx-5-el-transistor-de-shockley-y-la-presentacion-en-sociedad/?doing_wp_cron=1721401537.0150949954986572265625

                                 

1.2  Gordon Teal 和 Morgan Sparks 第一只 N-P-N 结晶体管

   The main problem was lack of sufficiently pure, uniform semiconductor materials. Bell Labs chemist Gordon Teal argued that large, single crystals of germanium and silicon would be required, but few - including Shockley - were listening.

   主要问题是缺乏足够纯、均匀的半导体材料。贝尔实验室化学家 Gordon Teal认为,需要锗和硅的大单晶,但很少有人——包括肖克莱——在听

https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/first-grown-junction-transistors-fabricated/

                                 

The first junction transistor made by Sparks in 1949 1951-1-1.jpg

图4  The first junction transistor made by Sparks in 1949, Sparks于1949年制造的第一个结型晶体管

https://images.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/1951-1-1.jpg

https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/first-grown-junction-transistors-fabricated/

                     

One of the first microwatt junction transistors, made in 1951 1951-1-3_裁剪.jpg

图5  One of the first microwatt junction transistors, made in 1951, Bell Type M1752 commercial junction transistors. 1951年制造的第一个微瓦结型晶体管之一, 贝尔M1752型商用结型晶体管

https://images.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/1951-1-3.jpg

https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/first-grown-junction-transistors-fabricated/

                            

二、相关的资料

   以下汉语来自【机器翻译】。

                            

2.1  Computer History Museum 计算机历史博物馆

https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/conception-of-the-junction-transistor/

   After Bardeen and Brattain's December 1947 invention of the point-contact transistor (1947 Milestone), Bell Labs physicist William Shockley began a month of intense theoretical activity. On January 23, 1948 he conceived a distinctly different transistor based on the p-n junction discovered by Russell Ohl in 1940.(1940 Milestone) Partly spurred by professional jealousy, as he resented not being involved with the point-contact discovery, Shockley also recognized that its delicate mechanical configuration would be difficult to manufacture in high volume with sufficient reliability.

   在 Bardeen 和 Brattain 于 1947年12月发明点接触晶体管(1947里程碑)之后,贝尔实验室物理学家 William Shockley 开始了一个月的激烈理论活动。1948年1月23日,他基于 Russell Ohl 在1940年发现的p-n结构思了一种截然不同的晶体管。(1940年里程碑)部分出于专业嫉妒,因为他讨厌没有参与点接触的发现,肖克莱还认识到,其精细的机械配置很难以足够的可靠性大量制造

                            

2.2  britannica 大英百科全书

https://www.britannica.com/technology/transistor/Innovation-at-Bell-Labs

   Bardeen’s conjecture spurred a basic research program at Bell Labs into the behaviour of these “surface-state” electrons. While studying this phenomenon in November 1947, Brattain stumbled upon a way to neutralize their blocking effect and permit the applied field to penetrate deep into the semiconductor material. Working closely together over the next month, Bardeen and Brattain invented the first successful semiconductor amplifier, called the point-contact transistor, on December 16, 1947. 

   巴丁的猜想激发了贝尔实验室对这些“表面态”电子行为的基础研究项目。在 1947年11月研究这一现象时,Brattain 偶然发现了一种方法来抵消它们的阻断效应,并允许施加的场深入半导体材料。在接下来的一个月里,Bardeen 和 Brattain 密切合作,于1947年12月16日发明了第一个成功的半导体放大器,称为点接触晶体管。

   Not to be outdone by members of his own group, Shockley conceived yet another way to fabricate a semiconductor amplifier the very next month, on January 23, 1948. His junction transistor was basically a three-layer sandwich of germanium or silicon in which the adjacent layers would be doped with different impurities to induce distinct electrical characteristics. An input signal entering the middle layer—the “meat” of the semiconductor sandwich—determined how much current flowed from one end of the device to the other under the influence of an applied voltage. Shockley’s device is often called the bipolar junction transistor because its operation requires that the negatively charged electrons and their positively charged counterparts (the holes corresponding to an absence of electrons in the crystal lattice) coexist briefly in the presence of one another.

   为了不被自己团队的成员所超越,肖克莱在下个月,即 1948年1月23日,构思了另一种制造半导体放大器的方法。他的结型晶体管基本上是锗或硅的三层三明治,其中相邻层将掺杂不同的杂质以诱导不同的电特性。进入中间层(半导体三明治的“肉”)的输入信号决定了在施加电压的影响下,从器件一端流向另一端的电流大小。肖克利的器件通常被称为双极结型晶体管,因为它的工作要求带负电荷的电子和带正电荷的电子(对应于晶格中没有电子的空穴)在彼此存在的情况下短暂共存。

   Shockley had foreseen these difficulties in the process of conceiving the junction transistor, which he figured would be much easier to manufacture. But it still required more than three years, until mid-1951, to resolve its own development problems. Bell Labs scientists, engineers, and technicians first had to find ways to make ultrapure germanium and silicon, form large crystals of these elements, dope them with narrow layers of the required impurities, and attach delicate wires to these layers to serve as electrodes. In July 1951 Bell Labs announced the successful invention and development of the junction transistor, this time with only Shockley in the spotlight.

   肖克莱在构思结型晶体管的过程中预见到了这些困难,他认为这将更容易制造。但直到 1951年中期,它仍然需要三年多的时间来解决自己的发展问题。贝尔实验室的科学家、工程师和技术人员首先必须找到制造超纯锗和硅的方法,形成这些元素的大晶体,用所需杂质的窄层掺杂它们,并将精细的电线连接到这些层上作为电极。1951年7月,贝尔实验室宣布成功发明和开发了结型晶体管,这一次只有肖克利成为焦点。

                            

2.3  IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 32, No. 12, December 1997

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/643644

   This Brattain did, and this enabled him to make a much better device than the one shown in this figure. However, the one shown here had gain, and they drew a picture of the device as shown in Fig. 3. This configuration essentially describes what they demonstrated to the “brass,” as they liked to refer to the management, on Christmas Eve in 1947.

   Immediately a debate broke out within the group. Bill Shockley had been away in Europe on a short sabbatical but returned around Christmas time and was chagrined to find that he was not part of the invention. He began immediately to think about the amplification effect. Bardeen was convinced that the conductivity of the surface layer was somehow being changed, and that the change in conductivity was causing the amplification.

   Shockley, on the other hand, was fairly certain that the bulk of the crystal was somehow involved. It is amazing what happened next. In the next two months, Shockley, in a great creative burst, proceeded to write down the theory of the bipolar junction transistor. Of course, that theory very strongly depended on the introduction of minority carriers, so Shockley, in developing this theory, was the first person to both clearly see and discuss minority carrier injection into the semiconductor.

   Brattain做到了,这使他能够制作出比图中所示更好的设备。然而,这里所示的设备有增益,他们绘制了一张设备的图片,如图3所示。这种配置基本上描述了他们在1947年圣诞节前夕向“高层”展示的内容,他们喜欢这样称呼管理层。

   小组内部立即爆发了一场辩论。比尔·肖克莱(Bill Shockley)在欧洲度过了一段短暂的休假,但在圣诞节前后回来,发现自己不是这项发明的一部分,他很懊恼。他立刻开始思考放大效应。Bardeen 确信表层的电导率在某种程度上发生了变化,电导率的变化导致了放大。

   另一方面,肖克莱相当肯定大部分晶体都与此有关。接下来发生的事情令人惊讶。在接下来的两个月里,肖克莱以极大的创造力,着手写下双极结型晶体管的理论。当然,这一理论在很大程度上依赖于少数载流子的引入,因此肖克莱在发展这一理论时,是第一个清楚地看到和讨论少数载流子注入半导体的人。

                            

三、假如肖克莱使用“智能手机”

   肖克莱还能在不到 39天内提出“结型晶体管”的理论构造吗?

                            

   傻近半年最着急的是完成*****硬件(器件级)的设计。

   转眼快 4个 39天了,居然没有完成。

   2024春节前想到改进*****硬件(器件级)。一直没时间,总是被打断。

   一直没有必要的时间,没有必要的精力。

                            

   2024春季学期一学期就这么眨眼之间过去了,

   只有2024年5月3、4、5日,这可怜的连续三天可以思考。

   确有进展,但不足以完成*****硬件(器件级)的设计。

                            

   电话说(陈省身)、溺后说(李渔)、开门说(Mary Oliver)、23分钟说(?)。

    

                                          

参考资料:

[1] 1948: CONCEPTION OF THE JUNCTION TRANSISTOR, Computer History Museum

https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/conception-of-the-junction-transistor/

WILLIAM SHOCKLEY CONCEIVES AN IMPROVED TRANSISTOR STRUCTURE BASED ON A THEORETICAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE P-N JUNCTION EFFECT.

1948:结型晶体管的概念

WILLIAM SHOCKLEY基于对P-N结效应的理论理解,提出了一种改进的晶体管结构。

[2] 1951: FIRST GROWN-JUNCTION TRANSISTORS FABRICATED

Gordon Teal grows large single crystals of germanium and works with Morgan Sparks to fabricate An N-P-N junction transistor.

https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/first-grown-junction-transistors-fabricated/

[3] Innovation at Bell Labs, intransistor inDevelopment of transistors, britannica

https://www.britannica.com/technology/transistor/Innovation-at-Bell-Labs

[4] William F. Brinkman, Douglas E. Haggan, William W. Troutman. A history of the invention of the transistor and where it will lead us []. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuitsm 1997, 32(12): 1858 - 1865.   December 1997)

doi:  10.1109/4.643644

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/643644

[5] 陈省身:“大师”二字这样写,2011-10-25,中国青年报

张国 《 中国青年报 》( 2011年10月25日   03 版)

http://zqb.cyol.com/html/2011-10/25/nw.D110000zgqnb_20111025_1-03.htm

http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2011/10/254361-1.shtm

http://news.nankai.edu.cn/mtnk/system/2011/10/25/000042194.shtml

https://www.tsinghua.org.cn/info/1951/18392.htm

   中国人为什么在大陆工作还没有拿到沃尔夫奖、菲尔兹奖、诺贝尔奖?

   要做学问就要安静,甚至电话都不要接,不能打断思路。

[5] 科学网,2012-12-25,中国科学报:“钱学森之问”的“三重问”

http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2014/12/310024.shtm

   “换言之,‘钱学森之问’不但在中国存在,世界范围内也有同样问题,其原因很可能在于我们处于信息化时代,海量信息使人们根本没时间思考‘大问题’。没有思考,也就难成大家。”徐辉说。

                                       

推荐阅读:

[1] 文双春,2018-07-31,看这点就可判断一所大学能否“一流” 精选

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-412323-1126801.html

   一流科学家的共同体会是,一流研究需要时间(World-class research takes time),而且需要的是大块连续时间(large continuous blocks of time)。科研不像搬砖,搬一块少一块,所以搬一阵歇一阵没关系。科研首先要有新想法,而好不容易冒出来的新想法,从申请项目,到开展研究,直至撰写论文,都需要大把时间。新想法往往娇贵而脆弱,每次打断都像一阵吹翻一屋子卡片的风。研究发现,一个人在中断片刻后重新专注于一项任务需要约23分钟如果中断时间更长,一个想法可能就随风而去了。打个比方说,科研就像烧开水,你必须一鼓作气烧到100度让它开,否则,你即使烧到99度又停一下,它马上又退回到原来的温度了,前功尽弃。

[2] 武夷山,2024-06-29 06:54,创意工作者是什么样的人 精选

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-1557-1440188.html

   美国企鹅出版社2016年10月出版了以书写自然著称的美国诗人、1984年普利策诗歌奖得主Mary Oliver (玛丽.奥利佛, 1935–2019)的散文选 Upstream: Selected Essays。 其中有一些关于创造心理的论述.

   她写道:某一天,她坐在书桌前工作。此时电话响了或有人敲门。“我很不情愿地起身,去接电话或开门。我拥有的想法,或几乎拥有的想法,就不见踪影了。创意工作需要独处。它需要精神集中,不被打扰。它需要整个天空作为翱翔之地,没有其他人的眼睛盯着,直到它实现了所希望的确定性,但未必是即刻能实现的。另外就是需要私密性。需要一个分离的场所——好在那里踱来踱去,咬一咬铅笔杆,草草写些东西,擦掉,再接着写”。

https://www.themarginalian.org/2016/10/12/mary-oliver-upstream-creativity-power-time/?mc_cid=bbabf4edfc&mc_eid=d7ec375253

   It is a silver morning like any other. I am at my desk. Then the phone rings, or someone raps at the door. I am deep in the machinery of my wits. Reluctantly I rise, I answer the phone or I open the door. And the thought which I had in hand, or almost in hand, is gone. Creative work needs solitude. It needs concentration, without interruptions. It needs the whole sky to fly in, and no eye watching until it comes to that certainty which it aspires to, but does not necessarily have at once. Privacy, then. A place apart — to pace, to chew pencils, to scribble and erase and scribble again.

[2] 孙南屏,2024-07-03 09:02,李渔改造书房

https://wap.sciencenet.cn/blog-2300375-1440726.html

    李渔的《闲情偶寄》里有一段描述自己书房的话:“常有得句将书而阻于溺,及溺后觅之杳不可得者,予往往验之,故营此最急。当于书室之旁,穴墙为孔,嵌以小竹,使遗在内而流于外,秽气罔闻,有若未尝溺者,无论阴晴寒暑,可以不出户庭。此予自为计者,而亦举以示人,其无隐讳可知也。”

   大意:(文人)常有这种情况,想到一个妙句刚要把它写下来,却因尿急被打断,等撒完尿妙句却再也想不起了,这场景我常碰到。所以备好一个方便的方便地方最为要紧。在书房旁边的墙上挖一个小孔,孔中嵌一根小竹管,这样,在房内撒尿通过竹管流到墙外,室内不留秽气,跟没撒过尿一样。不论阴晴寒暑,都可不出房屋了。这是我为自己想出来的妙计,也给别人介绍过,没什么好隐讳的。

                            

相关链接:

[1] 2023-08-31,[小资料] 1949年肖克莱(William Bradford Shockley)的结型晶体管论文的引言(图片)和图片页

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1401002.html

[2] 2023-11-13,[打听] 继晶体管、集成电路之后,电路重大突破会出现在哪里?

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1409521.html

[3] 2023-12-03,[心得] “光电效应”做“算术加法”或者“逻辑与”运算

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1412302.html

[4] 2023-12-04,[展望] 计算机:“再见,晶体管。辛苦了,谢谢您!”

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1412453.html

[5] 2024-06-26,[自然运算] 感谢《科学智慧火花》给贴出:用光做“算术加法”和“逻辑与”运算、用“压电效应”做数学运算 2 文

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1439870.html

[6] 2023-11-24,[打听,讨论] 晶体管发明的具体地点(3):默里山

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1411029.html

[7] 2023-09-17,Zenas 公理:2023年汪波老师的《为什么芯片相关的发明最初总不受待见?》

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1402929.html

[8] 2024-04-19,[打听,讨论] 科技决策的作用(以发明“集成电路 integrated circuit”为例)

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1430458.html

[9] 2023-12-21,[打听,历史,晶体管] 先有“固体器件”目标,后有“半导体”材料?

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1414848.html

[10] 2024-07-13,[求证,讨论] 我国大学“不是缺乏转化,而是没有可以转化的东西”?

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1442175.html

[11] 2023-05-26,[讨论] Gloria Mark 教授的《多任务处理是学术生产力的天敌》

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1389524.html

[12] 2019-01-10,[求助]“一流研究需要大块连续时间”的原始出处

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1156317.html

   The problem is that new ideas take time to develop: at the proposal stage, while conducting the work, and when writing the papers. Without large continuous blocks of time, it isn’t possible to thoroughly engage with a subject. Emerging ideas are fragile; each disruption is like a gust of wind knocking over a house of cards. Studies of multi-tasking have found that it takes individuals about 23 minutes to refocus on a task once interrupted. This is the micro equivalent of what’s happening to our summers as student projects, committee meetings and administrative reporting intrude on research time.

   【机器翻译】问题是,新想法需要时间来发展:在提案阶段,在开展工作的同时,在写论文的时候。如果没有连续的大块时间,就不可能完全参与一个主题。新兴思想是脆弱的;每一次破坏都像一阵风吹过纸牌屋。对多任务处理的研究发现,一旦被打断,个人需要大约23分钟才能重新专注于一项任务。这在微观上相当于学生项目、委员会会议和行政报告占用研究时间时,我们的夏天发生了什么。

[13] 2023-02-12,[新闻] “原创三大杀手:同行评议、短期考核、没有时间”被顶刊论文证实

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1375905.html

[14] 2024-07-14,[汇报,讨论] 为什么2008年前后没有进行“电力负荷短期预测”的应用研发?

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1442243.html

https://wap.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1442243.html

[15] 2023-01-16,[搞笑?搞哭?汇集] 怎样判断“原创”和“诺贝尔奖成果”?

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1372203.html 

                             

感谢您的指教!

感谢您指正以上任何错误!

感谢您提供更多的相关资料!



https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1443016.html

上一篇:[请教] 《物理学》里光子(光量子)能量 E=hν 精确成立的条件是什么?
下一篇:[打听,趣闻,轶事] 超导 BCS 理论建立的具体过程
收藏 IP: 202.113.11.*| 热度|

18 王涛 高宏 宁利中 刘进平 钟炳 王从彦 鲍博 郑永军 崔锦华 杨卫东 杜占池 朱晓刚 武夷山 杨学祥 池德龙 李毅伟 孙南屏 汪运山

该博文允许注册用户评论 请点击登录 评论 (21 个评论)

数据加载中...

Archiver|手机版|科学网 ( 京ICP备07017567号-12 )

GMT+8, 2024-7-21 08:28

Powered by ScienceNet.cn

Copyright © 2007- 中国科学报社

返回顶部