博文
On the Structure of Compilation and Study of Translatological Dictionaries
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On the Structure of Compilation and *
Study of Translatological Dictionaries
Sun Yingchun
(School of Translation and Interpretation, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai 264209)
Abstract: Compiling and studying of translatological dictionary is a daughter sphere of translation studies. Combined with translatological projects concerned, an initial exploration is carried out in this essay into the nature and object of the field of compiling and studying of translatological dictionary, two structural graphs of this area are drawn macroscopically and several insights made in order to push forward in depth the research of this field.
Key words: compiling and studying of translatological dictionary; nature; object; macroscopic structure
译学词典编研的结构
孙迎春
（山东大学威海分校翻译学院，威海264209）
内容摘要：译学词典编纂与研究是翻译学的一个新兴的子领域。本文结合翻译学的相关课题，对译典编研的性质和研究对象做了初步的探索，并对这一领域的宏观结构制作了两个构架图，提出了几点认识，以期有利于这一领域研究的深入发展。
关键词：译典编研；性质；对象；宏观结构
Is it possible for “Compilation and Study of Translatological Dictionaries”（mentioned as CSTD below）to be established under translatology as a field of research with its own features? If the answer is in the affirmative, what content should be included? Can a general structure be outlined? These are questions to be answered in this essay.
1. The Orientation in Which Efforts Are to Be Made in CSTD
Yang Zijian, a well-known Chinese scholar of translatology, raised in November 1999 the criteria for the disciplinary construction of translatology in his speech presented to a translation symposium held in Shanghai: “①Are the object and area of study made clear; ②Is the nature of the discipline clearly defined; ③Is the theoretical system of the discipline formed (Including whether there is graded category; whether categorical definitions are clear and consistent; whether they form a tight logical system; whether the theory is universally effective); ④Are there clear relationships between this discipline and other disciplines; ⑤Is there established a methodology of the discipline. Pointed out also in the speech is an important standard indicating the maturity of a discipline—theoretical and applied sections are clearly distinguished, each forming an independent system and being capable of providing theories and methods for other disciplines. This speech was later published in the 2000(5) issue of Chinese Translators Journal.”(Yang Zijian,2002) The criteria were universally appreciated because of their comprehensiveness and rigorousness.
The criteria are high in that they are necessary to arrive at in setting up and perfecting translatology. Although there still is a distance between the fact and the above-mentioned criteria, it cannot be denied that translatology, as an independent discipline, already factually exists and develops quickly. It is not possible and unnecessary for CSTD to establish itself as an independent discipline, CSTD, however, is capable of formulating a daughter field under translatology with its own features. As an academic field, it is also necessary for CSTD to reach the above five standards. That is to say, ①The object and area of study must be clear; ②The nature of the discipline must be clearly defined; ③A theoretical system of the sphere is to be formed (There should be a graded category system; categorical definitions should be clear and consistent; they should form a tight logical system; its theory should be universally effective in the field.); ④There are clear relationships between this discipline and other disciplines and spheres concerned; ⑤There is to be a methodology of the discipline. There should be a clear dividing line between theoretical probe and dictionary compilation, each with its own central task and essential characteristics, and at the same time the two sections ought to be closely related and form a system which can provide translatology and lexicography with theories and methods. Efforts must be made to reach the above criteria and moreover, the requirements are to be higher than those for translatology since this field takes research of translatological terminology as her soul. Whether translatology can completely arrive at the criteria, to a large extent, depends upon the progress of terminology construction.
2. Nature and Object
The first thing that has to be made clear is nature and object in probing into anything. Nature will determine law of movement, and different natures will lead to different laws of movement. Natural sciences and humane studies, translatology and linguistics, mathematics and music studies, rock and tree, man and woman, adult and child, all these are objects of different natures, so they obey their respective laws of movement. Object refers to target. A discipline has to have a clear target of research; If the target is not clear, the orientation in which efforts are made will be lost, the expected effect will by no means be brought about.
*本文系教育部社科2005年度规划基金项目论文之一，项目名称：翻译学词典研究。项目批准号：05JA740018。
2．1 Nature
Since the nature of CSTD is closely connected with that of translatology, let’s first investigate into translatology.
2．1．1 Nature of Translatology “Concerning the nature of translatology, Huang Long(1988:13)says: ‘Translatology is a borderline science with a complete system and structure, which does research of directive translation theories, laws of practice and their practical application.’ Tan Zaixi(1988:287) says: ‘ Translatology is a science that researches translation, a comprehensive one, or a cross polygonous science, which is connected with such disciplines as linguistics, literature and art studies, sociology (including national conditions science, culturology, etc.), psychology, information theory, and computer science.’ Liu Miqing (1990: 16) says: ‘Translatology is not a closed science but one with strong openness and comprehensiveness.’ Lǚ Jun(1997: 41)says: ‘Translatology should be aptly classified both as a social science and as a humane studies with a synthetic nature since it is concerned not only with linguistics, but also literature and art, etc. and thus can not be covered by any single science.’”(see Yang Zijian, 2002) We may therefore analyze and get some main elements from the above representative expositions and summarize the nature of translatology as follows: Translatology is an independent humane social science characterized with openness and comprehensiveness, standing among many disciplines such as linguistics, literature and art studies, and sociology, and taking researching translation theory and practice law as its main aim.
2．1．2 Nature of CSTD Translatological dictionaries being the object of CSTD, the nature of this kind of dictionary has to be made clear before that of CSTD is probed. In order to establish the intended daughter field of translatology which is relatively independent, the definition of TD is to cover a relatively greater area by including all types of TD with a view to serving translation and translatological scholars well. This author once attempted to summarize the TD nature as follows in an essay entitled “On the Descriptiveness of Translatological Dictionaries” :
Translatological dictionaries are reference books of translation studies, collecting theoretical concepts and various kinds of knowledge of the domain, arranging them in a certain order so as to provide the reader with information concerned in their trying to understand and research translatology by describing different profiles, and historical or present states of the discipline and interpreting objects and concepts the entries stand for. (2002)
Observing from today’s point of view, this definition does not seem to be extensive enough yet since it has not included the TDs of the practical type; therefore, a new definition is attempted as follows through studying various insights concerned:
Translatological dictionaries are reference books of translation studies, those of the knowledge type collecting theoretical concepts and various kinds of knowledge of the domain, arranging them in a certain order so as to provide the reader with information concerned in their trying to understand and research translatology by describing different profiles, and historical or present states of the discipline and by interpreting objects and concepts the entries stand for; while those of the practical type furnishing different versions of the SL words or of the SL paragraphs in varying contexts for translators to consult and select, or for scholars to meet their need in doing research.
Thus, all kinds of translatological dictionaries are included. Next, attempt is made to probe into the nature of CSTD. Although as name of a domain it is a static term, dynamic is CSTD in contrast to translatological dictionaries which are a kind of visible object static in nature. CSTD includes two verbs, compile and study, which indicate two different activities. “Compilation” is a practical activity, academic in nature to a large extent while “study”, an academic research closely integrated with practice, takes theoretical and methodological investigation for its main form of work. The former functions as material prerequisite, and the latter, rational research, combining into a daughter field under translatology. An attempt can now be made to present a tentative definition for CSTD:
A kernel daughter field under translatology, CSTD is a cross, synthetic academic domain which is also connected with lexicography, including the two sections of dictionary compilation and academic investigation, and taking translatological dictionaries and reference books of various kinds as its object of study. Attempting to do research in theory, principle and methodology in the spirit of combining theory and practice, it puts theoretical concept research at the core so as to push forward probes into matters connected and dictionary compilation and serve the purpose of establishing a theoretical system of translatology and spreading and preserving knowledge.
Is the definition appropriate or not? Has the essential features, location, task and function been exposed of this academic field? Criticism or comment are welcome from scholars of academic circles.
2．2 Object
With regard to object of study, there need to be, on the one hand, highly generalized introduction, and on the other, relatively concrete analysis and exposition so that CSTD may be distinguished from those disciplines or spheres that are coordinated, placed above, or taken as neighbours. An academic field cannot possibly and necessarily be established without a peculiar object of study pertaining to the sphere.
The object of study of CSTD, generally speaking, lies in all translatological dictionaries and reference books. This kind of description, however, is not very significant, since it is too external. We must go deep into the field and make clear its intrinsic elements and external relations by carrying out in-depth analysis of all translatological dictionaries and reference books before we are able to give an exposition that conforms to standard and real fact.
The eight-element theory is raised by Yang Zijian on the basis of Xu Yuanchong’s proposition. He says: “Xu Yuanchong put forward in the year 1991: ‘When talking of the art of translation, there can be 6 key elements: world, author, works, translator, versions, and reader.’ On the basis of Xu’s theory later I (1992:92; 1999:85) made some alteration by stating ‘ the object of translatological studies includes 8 key elements.’ Today I will go further into this topic. These 8 elements are: objective world, author, original text, original reader, translator, translation process, translated text, and version reader. We know that these 8 parts are closely connected as a whole, a system which includes not only subject, object, but also process, product and influence. The objective world is object, while author the subject, but society and thinking in the object are in fact all subject formed by men. Original text is direct object for its author while original reader indirect object. For the subject of translator, object include objective world, author, original text, original reader, and in addition, direct object version and indirect object version reader, so what is necessary for a translator to study is very rich and complicated. Original reader takes objective world, author, original text as object and in the process of reading the world that is created is direct object. Version reader takes translator and version as object and in his process of reading he also creates a direct object. The object of a senior version reader(researcher of translated literature) will include, in addition to translator and version, also objective world, author, original text, and original reader; at the same time he also creates the direct object review text and the indirect object review reader, so what he has to study is even more rich and complicated.” (2002) It can thus be seen from the above that it is significant that Xu Yuanchong raised in 1991 the six key elements of the art of translation, which represented an important step toward probe into translation studies object. However, what he saw was limited to practice; therefore, this author deems the 8 element theory given by Yang is the most appropriate since it is pregnant with the following strong points:
①Clear and concise. Without being clear and concise, it will become difficult for a discipline to distinguish itself from others and hard for people to understand, thus not beneficial to the disciplinary development.
②Highly generalized. Behind every item there is much content which forms the reason for it to coordinate with other elements. As for the content behind, a detailed exposition may be carried out in a further discussion.
③Accurate and complete. Elements that are most representative and distinctive are all separated and given one by one in the order of time in which translation happens.
Compared with Xu’s analysis, Yang’s structure takes in two more items: original reader and translation process. This is necessary because Yang’s field of vision is expanded to include theoretical research and its academic element is thus greatly increased. First, “original reader” must be there in that, when doing research, a scholar must not consider only the expectation of the version reader, but also take it into consideration whether the version reader’s response is similar to that of the original reader. If similar, of course, it is marvellous, for the principle of faithfulness has been carried out; if not, one should think whether the dissimilarity is well-grounded, whether there is any theoretical basis, etc. Since original and version readers read in different cultural backgrounds such problems as —— what specific conditions underlie the dissimilarity; how to deal with it; whether the translator’s treatment is appropriate, etc. —— all become the object of research. Second, “translation process” is neither dispensable since the probe into it is associated with such problems of translation as nature, criteria, procedures, norms, and effect, which are closely related with other essential elements. There are two alterations, besides, ⑴ concerning the first element “world”, the modifier “objective” is added, and also supplied is a bracket in which the categories “nature, society and thought” are inserted to make the concept even clearer; ⑵ before “author” is added the word “original” to form a contrast with “translator”, connotating a possible interpretation: a translator is in fact “author of the version”, he does not make a living only by seeking equivalence on the level of word, but create while translating, translate while creating, in translating there is the element of creating.
Since they are obvious to be seen the eight elements may be called overt object of research on the first level. Connected with it is content that is more specific and that may be divided into the second and the third levels of research object, and deeper analysis and exposition carried into them will lead to even greater differences in views among scholars, which will provide, however, even greater internal driving force for the development of translatology. The two major translation studies sections raised by Yang Zijian of theoretical and applied studies may constitute different levels of implicit object of research, or in other words, backstage object of research. As for covert object of research a new system may be established in the spirit of pure academic studies which is utterly different from the overt system. They may also be mixed with overt objects of research and spread on the second and third levels. Attempts of this kind still have to be made so as to deepen the research.
2．2．2 Compilation and Study of Translatological Dictionaries
With the basis of the research object of translatology being discussed, a further investigation may be held into that of CSTD. As mentioned above, it includes all translatological dictionaries and reference books. Following the model by which we have probed into the research object of translatology we are to analyse the whole of CSTD into several operable elements and then treat them one by one with a view to making clear the nature and feature of them and their mutual relations.
There should be no argument that “translatological dictionary” stands first as object of study. Starting from this point an investigation may be made into all directions. Translatological dictionaries stands in a similar position as works or translated texts in translatology since they are all products of a certain kind. One who produces a work author, one who turns out a translation, a translator, and one who makes a translatological dictionary, obviously, a compiler. What is written into a work or translation is called objective world, but what is included in a dictionary can by no means be called so. Since theories, terms, and various kinds of information that get into a dictionary are all related with translatology they can be called generally as translatological knowledge. What is analogous to the process of translation is compiling process. Translation involves two kinds of reader, one being original reader and the other, version reader; so far as translatological dictionary is concerned, there is generally not a distinction between original and version, so it is not necessary to add any modifier before the word reader. All deriving from comparison with those of translatology, these five elements can be put in order according to flow of time as follows: translatological knowledge——compiler——compiling process——translatological dictionary——reader.
The five elements of translatological dictionary are thus got. They form, doubtlessly, a whole with closely connected parts, a system of organically integrated elements. Translatological knowledge is object, most of which exists originally in various books, articles and which can be taken to be processed and compiled according to the requirements for entries; some, however, is not from ready written materials, e.g. information concerning certain translators and translation theorists may possibly be enquired directly from the persons in question and thus are creative. The compiler is of course subject, who is originally a translatologist, knows the theories and methods involved in dictionary compiling, discovers there is need in the society for compiling translatological dictionaries, makes a plan, sets compilatory aim, dictionary framework and specific stylistic rules and layout, and then embarks on the process editing. When going to this place we feel a new element has been discovered, i.e. the theories, principles and methods involved in dictionary compiling which cannot be done away with; therefore we call it “dictionary knowledge” and put it after translatological knowledge. The two kinds of knowledge, put together one after the other, seem to demonstrate that the translatological dictionary is the product produced by combining the two kinds of knowledge. In this author’s imagination, the translatological knowledge is endowed with yang or paternal character while the dictionary knowledge with yin or maternal character. It is as if the two married each other and a TD is produced through a hard and complicated compiling process. It enters the market after publication and is bought by readers who need it for reading or for consultation. The dictionary produces social and economical effect through readers’ reading and scholars’ research and some of them finally become well-known works that produce extensive and far-reaching influence. There of course is also the factor of medium——paper or electric? CD or network? ——which may lead to some special problem worth studying. The element of medium has not been listed in the list of essential elements since it is not as important as others. Now we may list the research object of TD in a complete way:
translatological knowledge—dictionary knowledge—compiler—compiling process—translatological dictionary—reader
3．Structure of Research
With a macrostructure being formed by the six essential elements, we are next to do the research in a way more detailed and in-depth, and put forth a practical figure of structure not only with skeleton but with blood and flesh, thus rendering CSTD to go deeper.
3．1 A Structural Figure of CSTD
Compilation and Study of Translatological Dictionaries
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reader: psychology, demands, expectation, feedback from the reader; requirements for and characteristics of the reader; reception aesthetics; knowledge and methods of reading; market investigation
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compiling process: preparation before editing; determination of compiling aim, macro framework, style and detailed regulations; collection of entry heads; determination of micro structure of an entry; interpretation-writings; proof-reading and finalizing
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dictionary knowledge: knowledge of general lexicography; knowledge of specialized dictionaries; knowledge of bilingual dictionaries; knowledge of TD; distinction between dictionary and monograph; knowledge of dictionary history; types of dictionaries; nature, task, function, criteria, norms of dictionary; theories, principles, methodology of dictionary criticism; knowledge of translatological references; dictionaries and society; dictionaries and culture
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translatological knowledge: term, terminology, theoretical concept; construction and development of the discipline of translatology; historical knowledge; methods and skills; translators and translation theorists; well-known translations; academic works; organizations and journals of translation
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compiler: requirements for a compiler; task of a compiler; psychology of a compiler; aesthetics; culturology; distinction from an author; subjectivity of a compiler; particularity of a compiler
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translatological dictionaries: 1. type of a TD and its nature, feature, task, function, specific compiling ways; medium; pattern; binding and layout
2. discourse system of TD research; basic theories; methodology; compiling principles and methods; critical theories and criteria
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Table 1 Structure of CSTD
This author provides here only two layers of content, and whether it is accurate, comprehensive and practical, and whether it is in agreement with the nature and laws of CSTD, it will depend upon the reader for their criticism and of course it is more important to be tested in practice.
3．2 Several Points to Be Interpreted
1. The six items in the first payer of the structural table are just the research object of this field mentioned above —— translatological knowledge, dictionary knowledge, compiler, compiling process, translatological dictionary, and reader. Of these items compiler stands in the kernel position surrounding him the other five come together and form a system. He is thus the most active element, the role his subjectivity plays in TD compiling, obviously, being greater than that a translator plays in the process of translation. How are people impressed by a TD , what effect it plays in the market, the influence it produces, all these chiefly depends upon the compiler.
2. Translatological and dictionary knowledge are both necessary for TD compilation and criticism, combined in the researcher’s mind and, through creative process and generalization, becoming such findings of abstract thinking as discourse system, basic theory, methodology, critical theory and criteria of CSTD. The process of compilation is one through which the compiler must go so that the compiling aim may be realized and the TD turned out; therefore, in the compiling process certain procedures and norms must be obeyed, or else inferior dictionaries will appear.
3. Translatological dictionaries, as the result of compilation, concentratedly demonstrate the compiler’s thought, intelligence, principles, theory and views of translation. Thus the compiler is required to get clear about the type of the TD in question and about other respects concerned such as its nature, character, task, function, and specific compiling ways; at the same time attention must also be given to such external factors as medium, style, binding and layout, and reception. Research is necessary to be carried into these problems and in addition, attention should also be paid to the study of some projects that are more theoretical.
4. The reader, in the domain of CSTD, too, is an extremely important element, which seems to be significant at the end, but in fact also significant at the beginning. To say the former because any dictionary’s value, be it economic or social, has to be realized through the reader’s marketing and reading activity. At that time, the psychology, demands, expectation, feedback of the reader; his qualifications and characteristics; marketing research, all these problems will crop up. To say the latter because such elements as psychology, demands, expectation, market, etc. listed here must be taken into consideration at the beginning; if not, social needs, compiling aim, and the microstructure of entries will be out of the question. It is necessary to do research on reader psychology, reception aesthetics, and so on.
It can thus be seen that the six items should be looked at as a whole since they are so closely connected that they cannot be regarded in an isolated way. “Pull one hair and you move the whole body——touching one small part will affect the whole situation”, as the old saying goes, since every element is an integral part of the entirety; if any one is not well dealt with, the whole will certainly be influenced.
3．3 The Responsibility of CSTD
James Holmes, in his well-known 1972 essay, The Name and Nature of Translation Studies, a document including guiding principles for translatology, divided the system of translation studies in two major parts, pure and applied; under the latter there is given the item of “translation aids”, coordinated with which are “translator training” and “translation criticism”. Translation aids, in Holmes’s primitive definition, are to satisfy the need of translator training and translation practice, including reference books in the nature of a dictionary or terminology and comparative grammar which is the result of comparative linguistics studies, all of them being traditional research areas of connected disciplines (comparative linguistics and lexicography). Certain findings have been obtained in these fields, which can of course be referred to and put into full use, thus forming the applied research domain. He also specifically pointed out that it is necessary for researchers to clearly define the specific compiling criteria for translation aids and develop translation aids by cooperating with scholars in the fields of lexicography and linguistics with a view to satisfying the need of translation practice.(Venuti, 2000: 182) Later, the descriptive translation studies becomes the main stream of the international translation studies through the brilliant research of Toury, Lefevere, Baker, ven-Zohar, Bassnett, etc. while the applied translation studies lag relatively behind, but the case in China is just the opposite. Jeremy Munday, senior lecturer of University of Surrey, Great Britain, in his book Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications further studied applied translation studies and put forth an expanded system of applied translation studies:（Munday, 2001:13）
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Applied
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Translator teaching
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Translation aids
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Translation criticism
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teaching evaluating methods
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testing techniques
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curriculum design
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IT application
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dictionaries
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grammars
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revision
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evaluation of translations
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translation software
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on-line database
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use of internet
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Table2 Munday’s applied branch of translation studies
Since they are not connected with the aim of this paper, “translator training” and “translation criticism” will not be discussed here; exploration, however, has to be carried out into what Munday has done in further dividing “translation aids”. In Munday’s table he puts “IT application”, “dictionaries”, “grammars” under “translation aids”, and further divides “IT application” into “translation software”, “on-line database” and “use of internet” without making further investigation into dictionaries. While showing the limitation of the practice of TD compilation to theoretical research, the regrettable state reflects also such a fact: although when writing his book Munday had already seen Dictionary of Translation Studies（1997）and Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies（1998）published by Mark Shuttleworth and Mona Baker respectively and, feeling their importance, listed dictionaries in the table, he stopped there since he could see no further things. China is strong in CSTD, so it is necessary for us to develop this system by rendering dictionary research more substantial. First, dictionaries will be divided into translatological and bilingual ones, and the latter will not be put in the table as key research object of translatology because it has already become a branch in lexicography and many a finding has been obtained. And then the TD is divided into compilation and theoretical studies, which are further divided into several projects as in the following table:
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applied translation studies
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translator training
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translatological references research
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translation criticism
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teaching evaluating methods
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IT application
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dictionaries
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grammars
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revision
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evaluation of translations
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review
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use of internet
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on-line database
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translation software
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compilation and
study of translatological dictionaries
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bilingual
dictionaries
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compilation studies
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theoretical studies
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aim；style and norm; inclusion of entries; meaning interpretation; symbols；macrostructure; microstructure; appendix; medium; format; binding and layout, etc.
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1. nature, task, function, type, object of dictionary; compiling principles; relations with society and culture, etc.
2. translatological terminology; lexicographical terminology; translatological and lexicographical studies; nature, object, task, function of CSTD; methodology; relations with disciplines concerned; compiler study; compiling process; reader and market, etc.
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testing techni-ques
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curriculum design
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Table 3 CSTD under applied translation studies
The CSTD structure exposed here is designed completely in the perspective of academic research, breaking the pattern of Table 1 in which essential elements are considered first and content involved in them second. The whole domain of CSTD research is divided first into the two major sections of “compiling research” and “theoretical research”, under which the main projects are given respectively. The two tables may be mutually consulted so that understanding may be deepened.
When Holmes drew up the blueprint for translation studies in 1972, there had not appeared any influential translatological dictionary in the world, so we should be practical and realistic and we should not want him to foresee the future development and get CSTD into the blueprint. When Munday considered the same problem in 2001, there had appeared in the world some translatological dictionaries with the rapid development of translation studies, there being at least three worldly famous ones and in China, four or five nationally well-known ones. He noticed the new development, however, he did not know any information about China, not to speak of the later academic development, so on his map of applied translation studies system you can see only “dictionary” without any other news. The case in China is utterly different from that of other countries. Not only have many translatological dictionaries been published one after another, but a new translation domain has been opened up in theoretical research, and now listed as the ninth main subject of twelve —— Terminology and Translatological Dictionary Study —— to be discussed at the 18th International Conference of Translation to be held in Shanghai, 2008. For the above reasons we are qualified to make some revision of this system table of translation studies, and in the actual process of research we may well put “CSTD” as the second layer of domain in placement of “translation aids” and let it take the leading place in the research of this area. This is the responsibility of CSTD, the reasons going as follows:
1) “Translation aids” may be employed as a general category or framework, but if used as the name of an academic sphere, it seems to be not so substantial or influential.
2) Coordinating with “dictionary”, “IT application” and “grammas” seem to be over-specialized, cover too small an area so that they can not be expected to become very influential.
3) Coordinated with “CSTD”, “bilingual dictionary” has long become an academic area under lexicography and the publications concerning in the area are already very great in number, but theoretically it does not seem to be strong enough since the essential feature of bilingual dictionary is to seek equivalence in translation, not capable of greater room of development.
4) The new-born “CSTD”, however, full of vigour and vitality, stands across two independent disciplines, translatology and lexicography, with its object of research being wide and rich. It is a kernel daughter field of translation studies, characterized by boundlessness and fathomlessness since it is open and inclusive, with all terms, terminology, theories and knowledge of translation capable of becoming TD entries; therefore CSTD can surely shoulder the responsibility of replacing “translation aids”. What we should do is, through conscious organization of academic associations and influence produced by academic research made in this field, to attract the talents in other several domains with a view to carrying out together the conscious “research on translatological tools”.
Objects in the world are nothing but systems of various sizes. CSTD, as a new academic sphere, is a daughter system of the mother system of translatology. The translatological dictionary is a kind of reference book which, guided by system consciousness, collects and interprets translatological words for people to consult. Purposes vary with men and time and it is only natural for there to be particular stresses. In the light of function it must try to provide all kinds of valuable information for the reader, so the various parts of the system of translatology are all associated with translatological dictionaries since they invariably feed words and information into these containers. The complexity of CSTD can thus be seen. When doing anything with or without preparation in advance will be determinative; therefore, this author presents here two drafts for mutual reference, with regard to the structure of CSTD, on the basis of discussing nature and object in order that the translatological dictionary research may be pushed forward in depth, and that more attention will be drawn and more discussions be done.
The CSTD is posited as one of the kernel daughter fields of translatology because this domain is directly concerned with such translatological questions at the core as terms, terminology and theoretical concepts, any translatological knowledge can go into TDs in the form of entries, and in addition, because TD is characterized by being instrumental, authoritative, descriptive, normative, and practical. Coming out only in very recent years, the features of this sphere are not known to the broad translatologists and the findings obtained are not so rich and excellent, but this, at the same time provides scholars who are interested in research of this field an expansive place in which they can demonstrate their ability. China has stood in the van in the world in the opening up and research of this field, having sponsored four national discussions with new development each time. It is unique in the world for four anthologies and a specialized issue of kernel magazine to be published in China. We are fully confident in predicting that the Chinese scholars, through efforts of five or ten years, will have accomplished substantial contributions to the world translation studies in the field of compilation and study of translatological dictionaries.
Bibliography:
Holmes, James. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies [A]. Venuti, Lawrence. The Translation Studies Reader [C]. London: Routledge, 2000.
Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications[M]. London & New York: Routledge, 2001.
Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Venuti, Lawrence. The Translation Studies Reader [C]. London: Routledge, 2000.
Sun Yingchun．On Descriptiveness of Translatological Dictionaries. Foreign Languages and Their Teaching.
2002, 9.
Xu Yuanchong．Six Theories on Translation of Poetry ［Ｊ］．Chinese Translators Journal，1991（6）.
Yang Zijian. On the Situation and Tasks in the Construction of China’s Translation Studies[J]. Chinese Translators
Journal, 2002(1).
Zhao Wei. The Prototype and Evaluation System of Dictionaries of Translation Studies [C]. Sun Yingchun ed. A Doctoral Anthology of Translatological Dictionary Studies. 2006.
Introduction to the author： Sun Yingchun, male，b.1949, Dean of School of Translation and Interpretation, Shandong University at Weihai, People’s Republic of China; Professor and Doctoral Supervisor of Shandong University; Member of Chinese Translators Association; Head of Translatological Committee, Shandong Association of Foreign Linguistics; Research fields: translation theory; translatological dictionary compilation and research
P.C.: 264209 School of Translation and Interpretation of Shandong University at Weihai
Tel.: 860631-5683461(o); 5688646(h); 13863030317
Fax: 0631-5683461
Email: sychun@sdu.edu.cn
作者简介:孙迎春，男，1949年生，山东大学威海分校翻译学院教授、院长/中国译协理事；山东省国外语言学学会翻译学专业委员会会长；研究方向：翻译理论；译学词典编纂与研究
邮寄地址：264209山东大学威海分校翻译学院
电话: 0631-5683461; 5688646; 13863030317
传真: 0631-5683461
(Published in XVIII FIT World Congress Proceedings, compiled by Translators Association of China. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2008)
（Notice: Some of the English articles included under the title "Translation Dictionary Sturies" are not complete since the tables or figures cannot be shown or the number of article symbols is limited. If you want the complete form, just contact "sychun1949@sina.com". Or, if you have any article on the same subject which you want to publish here, contact the same address also.)
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