2008年Kavli纳米科学奖授予美日科学家 [b][color=Blue]【纳米科技世界论坛快讯】Kavli纳米科学奖被学术界誉为“纳米科技界的诺贝尔奖”。5月28日， 挪威科学与文学院主席Ole Didrik Lærum正式宣布，将2008年该奖授予两位在纳米科技领域起到开拓作用的先锋——哥伦比亚大学化学系教授Louis E. Brus和日本NEC物理学教授S. Iijima。他们开创性的工作，使后人可以把纳米技术应用于能源、环境、化学、材料、生物医学、电子学等领域。[/color][/b] 9D"[S7}J TA ]6O(r Kavli奖是由挪威科学院、Kavli基金会和挪威教育研究部联合评选，为了奖励极具创造性的科学家而设立的。Kavli奖包括天体物理奖、纳米科学奖和神经科学奖3个奖项，主要授予在这3个领域做出基础突破性贡献的科学家，每项奖金为100万美元。2008年是Kavli奖首次颁奖，今后将两年举行一次。M4IJQKwD6w` 作为Kavli纳米科学奖评审委员会5位评委之一，中科院常务副院长、国家纳米科技指导协调委员会首席科学家白春礼院士指出，在众多的候选人中选择出 1～2位获奖者，是一个非常认真的遴选过程。评委们依据了两条重要的标准：一是成果的原创性，二是成果是否带动了纳米科技的发展，开辟了一个全新的、有重大而广泛影响的领域。这次Kavli纳米科学奖授予创造了0维和1维的纳米结构——点和管的贡献者。而今后，在纳米结构的性质、功能研究和重要应用方面还会有更多的获奖者。H`1J]/c"{t+b 白春礼介绍了两位获奖者的有关情况。I)z*} WOe 美国的Louis E. Brus教授被誉为“纳米电子学领域的奠基人之一”，是半导体纳米晶体（即通常所说的量子点）的发明人。早在1983年，他在AT&T贝尔实验室研究半导体光学性质时，发现了不同于传统硅的新型半导体材料。他发现，这些在悬浊液中的纳米胶体对尺寸和形状非常敏感。之后，Brus和同事又制备了越来越小的人工合成半导体纳米晶体。由于Brus的开创性工作，数以百计的科学家现在得以研究量子点在医学中的应用——早期癌症鉴别、肿瘤成像、药物运输等，也有科研人员把量子点运用于开发更快速、更高效、更节能的计算机技术和低成本的光电电池。l)q"^H&sd3Y*Q 日本的S. Iijima教授被誉为“纳米材料领域的奠基人之一”，是碳纳米管的发明人。此前已经获得过Benjamin Franklin奖和Balzan奖。虽然在他之前，有科学家已经观察到了碳纳米管，但是他于1991年发表在Nature上的论文，引发了纳米科技界对碳纳米管的广泛关注。Iijima通过高分辨的透射电子显微镜技术，仔细观察和表征了碳纳米管，并迅速地发现了碳纳米管的一系列潜在应用，比如优越的力学性质——相当于钢的比重1/6的碳纳米管，比钢的强度高100倍。后来的研究人员根据这一特性，开发出了防弹背心、具有特殊力学性能的运动器械和建筑材料等。纳米管的电学性能和热学性能会随着制备方式和原子结构的变化而变化，可以表现出半导体或者金属的性质，因此可以用来生产二极管、晶体管、导电薄膜和电极等。6j(b:2P
{;u1_}u m'L%l k5`!iDff.a 在谈到中国纳米科技研究时，白春礼说，中国纳米科技的研究工作开展得较早，目前在国际上已占有一席之地，也有很多很好的研究成果，但我们在基础研究的原始性创新和成果的重要性与影响的广泛性方面，与国际先进水平还有一定差距。中国从事纳米科技的科学家还需要勤于思考、勇于创新、脚踏实地、努力拼搏，才能在纳米科技领域作出开创性的贡献。{Dw(xR1a2b 来源：科学网 nanosurface 2008-06-01 01:17 Names of inaugural Kavli Prize winners revealed [color=blue][b]【纳米科技世界论坛快讯】Seven pioneering scientists who have transformed human knowledge in the fields of nanoscience, neuroscience and astrophysics have become the first recipients of the million-dollar Kavli prizes.[/b][/color]9a| DB,X&I%w q2z,G!N&zf-M"I The laureates were selected for their groundbreaking research that has significantly advanced our understanding of the unusual properties of matter on an ultra-small scale, the basic circuitry of the human brain and the nature of quasars.,BX ZH#v.i They are the inaugural recipients of the new Kavli prizes, a partnership between the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, The Kavli Foundation, and the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research. The three biannual awards will complement the Nobel Prizes which since 1901 have been given for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace. The joint seven winners, from the UK, Sweden, the Netherlands, Japan and the US, will receive a scroll, medal and a share of the $1,000,000 prize for each subject. Ole Didrik Lærum, President of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, revealed the names of those selected to receive the awards at a ceremony in Oslo. The announcement was transmitted via a live simulcast to Columbia University, New York, where it was part of the opening of the first annual World Science Festival.,R2HC)P@P0^R)Z The Kavli Prize is named after and funded by Fred Kavli, the entrepreneur and philanthropist who was inspired to seek a career in science and engineering while marvelling at the northern lights in the skies above the tiny Norwegian village where he grew up. He later moved to the US where he founded the Kavlico Corporation, which became one of the world’s largest suppliers of sensors for aeronautic, automotive and industrial application.)c hoiYc"a1DF F8^U0p'|lB H Attending the ceremony in New York, Mr Kavli said: “The Kavli Prizes were created to recognize achievements in three exceptionally exciting fields which we believe promise remarkable future discoveries and benefits for humanity in the 21st century and beyond.”c/R0!v!^
@tE!K “Since my days in Norway, I have pondered the universe, the planet, nature, and the wonders of man. Through these prizes, we hope to honour, support and bring recognition to scientists who have not only pondered the same questions, but whose work has profoundly advanced the frontiers of our knowledge.r9d*DVl 4B1|^2L(`B}6v&w “We aim to do so while raising people’s awareness of the benefits of fundamental science to their own, everyday lives.” *V5_'M4k*Mc/V j G,Q W2?/O The astrophysics prize was awarded jointly to Maarten Schmidt, of the California Institute of Technology, US, and Donald Lynden-Bell, of Cambridge University, UK, both of whose work underpins our understanding of quasars.TQ"x7p7J!I$q+E#[ During the 1960s Schmidt analysed the visible light spectra of quasars and used the results to explain just how distant these extraordinarily bright galaxies are, while Lynden-Bell demonstrated how they were powered by the collapse of material into massive black holes.f-{2i%Sw!yD 7{~0R4IE Louis E. Brus, of Columbia University, US, and Sumio Iijima, of Meijo University in Japan, share the nanoscience prize for their respective discoveries of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, also known as quantum dots, and carbon nanotubes. _bUef p2r!? Major advances being predicted in fields as diverse as electronics, the environment, energy and bio-medicine would not have been possible without Brus and Iijima’s contributions in explaining the unusual properties of particles so small that electron motion is confined to zero or one dimension. The neuroscience prize goes to three scientists who collectively have deciphered the basic mechanisms which govern the development and functioning of the networks of cells in the brain and spinal cord. 9HzA[O7h Pasko Rakic, of the Yale University School of Medicine, in the US, explained how the neurons in the embryonic brain arrange themselves during development into the complex, densely interconnected circuitry of the adult cerebral cortex. 4IZ(s5JNu/d Thomas Jessell, of Columbia University, US, has revealed the chemical signals behind the differentiation of early progenitor cells into the complex assembly of different types of neurons that make up neuronal circuits. O$h/j+g0Ae/O!^ Sten Grillner, of the Karolinska Institute in Sweden showed how neural circuits in mammalian spinal cords generate motor commands for rhythmic movements such as locomotion. His lamprey model is seen as the first and so far only vertebrate neuronal system controlling an integrated function that is understood at a molecular and cellular level.  ZH/ym|Prof Sir Martin Rees, President of the Royal Society, the UK’s academy of science, said: “The Kavli prizes highlight three challenging and important fields of research. The choice of winners highlights the international character of modern science, and illustrates that many major advances depends on cooperative and group efforts rather than single individuals.”v5c#JgWkq For detailed information on each of the prizes, the winners and their work, see explanatory notes for each of the prizes on the Kavli Prize website: [url=http://www.kavliprize.no]www.kavliprize.no[/url] Source: The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters

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