科学哲学的历史上有两次理论发展高峰期，第一次是以石里克为代表的维也纳学派时期（20世纪20-35年间），这个时期，科学哲学界大腕如云，如卡尔纳普、赖兴巴赫、纽拉特、艾耶尔等人；第二个发展高峰期是向历史主义转变时期（20世纪50-70年间），这期间也是风吹草低见牛羊的时代，如图尔敏、汉森、库恩、费耶阿本德、拉卡托斯等牛人。拉卡托斯就是第二个高峰期时的一个代表，也是我比较喜欢的哲学家。其实，这位老先生的人生也是波澜壮阔的，拉卡托斯（Imre Lakatos ，1922-1974），是匈牙利哲学家，早年曾师从卢卡奇，这是当代世界研究西马的鼻祖，曾任教育部的高官，1956年匈牙利事件后跑到奥地利，然后到英国，并个重新获得博士学位（剑桥大学，1961年），然后来到英国伦敦经济学院任教，与波普尔是同事。他的科学研究纲领方法论是我每年都要向学生们讲的。我一直猜测，由于两套理论系统在头脑内打架，老拉同志可能有些精神分裂之嫌，但这不影响他的理论贡献。1974年，心脏病发作去世，天妒英才。后来LSE为了纪念他，设立了拉卡托斯奖，每年一次，这个奖也是目前科学哲学界的重要奖项，奖金是10000英镑，在哲学类的奖项中应该是比较大的奖了。下面列出从1986年开始的所有获奖者：

1986 - Bas Van Fraassen

for The Scientific Image (1980)

and Hartry Field

for Science Without Numbers (1980)

1987 - Michael Friedman

for Foundations of Space-Time Theories

and Philip Kitcher

for Vaulting Ambition: Sociobiology and the Quest for Human Nature

1988 - Michael Redhead

for Incompleteness, Nonlocality and Realism

1989 - John Earman

for A Primer on Determinism

1991 - Elliott Sober

for Reconstructing the Past: Parsimony, Evolution, and Interference (1988)

1993 - Peter Achinstein

for Particles and Waves: Historical Essays in the Philosophy of Science (1991)

and Alexander Rosenberg

for Economics--Mathematical Politics or Science of Diminishing Returns? (1992)

1994 - Michael Dummett

for Frege: Philosophy of Mathematics (1991)

1995 - Lawrence Sklar

for Physics and Chance: Philosophical Issues in the Foundations of Statistical Mechanics (1993)

1996 - Abner Shimony

for The Search for a Naturalistic World View (1993)

1998 - Jeffrey Bub

for Interpreting the Quantum World

and Deborah Mayo

for Error and the Growth of Experimental Knowledge

1999 - Brian Skyrms

for Evolution of the Social Contract (1996) on modelling 'fair', non self-interested human actions using (cultural) evolutionary dynamics

2001 - Judea Pearl

for Causality: Models, Reasoning and Inference (2000) on causal models and causal reasoning

2002 - Penelope Maddy

for Naturalism in Mathematics (1997) on the issue of how the axioms of set theory are justified

2003 - Patrick Suppes

for Representation and Invariance of Scientific Structures (2002) on axiomatising a wide range of scientific theories in terms of set theory

2004 - Kim Sterelny

for Thought in a Hostile World: The Evolution of Human Cognition (2003) on the idea that thought is a response to threat

2005 - James Woodward

for Making Things Happen (2003) on causality and explanation

2006 - Harvey Brown

for Physical Relativity: Space-time Structure from a Dynamical Perspective (2005)

and Hasok Chang

for Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress (2004)

2008 - Richard Healey

for Gauging What’s Real: the conceptual foundations of contemporary gauge theories (2007)

2009 -Samir Okasha

for Evolution and the Levels of Selection (2006).

2010 - Peter Godfrey-Smith

for Darwinian Populations and Natural Selection

2012 - Wolfgang Spohn

for The Laws of Belief: Ranking Theory and its Philosophical Implications (2012)

2013-9-16凌晨备课间歇涂鸦

说明：文中照片就是拉卡托斯教授，来自网络，仅供欣赏，特此致谢！