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《美国地震学会学报》文章对中国地震预报事业的总结

已有 5912 次阅读 2011-8-4 08:23 |个人分类:地震|系统分类:论文交流| 汶川地震, 地震预报, 地震局, 王克林

《美国地震学会学报》201011月一期是汶川地震专辑:


Bulletin of the Seismological Society of AmericaVolume 100 · Number 5B · November 2010Special Issue on the 2008 Wenchuan, China, Earthquake

http://www2.seismosoc.org/FMPro?-db=bssa_index.fp7&-lay=toc&-format=/bssa_index/toc_disp.html&Volume=100&IssueNumber=5B&-SortField=StartPageNumeric&-Max=all&-find

 

这一期有一篇文章总结了中国的地震预报事业,作者是中国地震局地震预测研究所的陈棋福博士和加拿大地质调查局的王克林博士:

 

The 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and Earthquake Prediction in China

Qi-Fu Chen, Institute of Earthquake Science, China Earthquake Administration(注意,这个作者单位就是中国地震局地震预测研究所,对外翻译成地震科学研究所

Kelin Wang, Geological Survey of Canada

 

http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/5B/2840

 

文章开宗明义,提出要回答的问题是:

 

是什么原因导致了公众对地震预报不现实的预期?

 

为什么对地震预报的努力这么执着?

 

为什么抗震减灾的努力并没有得到应有的高度重视?

 

中国(尤其是四川)的地震研究者,在汶川地震之前在做什么?

 

为什么抗震规范的执行措施如此薄弱?

 

强调地震预报,是不是对抗震减灾有负面影响?

 

全文对这些问题都回答了。这篇文章开端就提到了中国和发达国家相反,至今不肯承认地震不能预报的现状:

 

Few seismologists believe that it is presently possible or forever impossible to predict an earthquake with the time, location, and size specified accurately enough to guide plans for evacuation. Regardless of its scientific merit and future development, governments of most industrial countries consider earthquake prediction to be presently impractical. Instead, it is commonly accepted that the most effectiveway of minimizing the impact of earthquakes to human life and economy is to strengthen our built environment based on scientific assessment of earthquake hazard and risk, a practice we call seismic risk mitigation in this article. However,this was not common understanding in China when the Mw 7.9 (Ms 8.0) Wenchuan earthquake struck Sichuan Provinceon 12 May 2008, claiming over 80,000 lives. In China, earthquake prediction is not merely a topic of research, but a government-sanctioned, law-regulated, and routinely practiced measure of disaster prevention.

 

(译:地震研究者极少相信目前对一个地震的时间、位置和大小的预报能够准确到足以用于指导疏散计划;甚至认为这种预报永远不可能实现。无论地震预报有什么科学意义或者未来发展,大多数工业化国家的政府都认为地震预报目前不实用。相反,普遍接受的观点是,减少地震对于生命和经济的影响的最有效的办法是,在科学评价地震灾害和风险的基础上,加固建筑环境;本文对这种措施叫做抗震减灾。然而,直到造成超过80,000人死亡的2008512日汶川地震之时,这一观念在中国并未普遍理解。在中国,地震预报不仅仅是一个研究题目,而且是一直政府主导、法律规范的一种常规操作的防灾措施。)

 

文章其后提到了中国地震局内部对地震预报必要性的认识:

 

In a questionnaire sent to all provincial seismological bureaus after the Wenchuan earthquake, the CEA asked to what degree the government and society needed earthquake prediction. The overwhelming response was that the demand was extremely strong and the expectation very high. The new version of the Law on Protecting Against and Mitigating Earthquake Disasters(the “Earthquake Act”), promulgated in the wake of the Wenchuan disaster, still stipulates a procedure of forming, evaluating, and announcing earthquake predictions.

 

(译:汶川地震之后,中国地震局向各个省局发出了一份问卷,询问政府和社会在何种程度上需要地震预报。压倒性的回答是,这种需要极为强烈,期待极高【评一下,这是和各人饭碗有关的,所以调查结果可想而知】。汶川灾难之后颁布的新的《防震减灾法》(地震法)依然规定了制定、评价和发布地震预报的过程。)

 

下面这段讲到了地震预报和中医一样,符合中国千年的浆糊文化:

 

The philosophy of earthquake prediction in China is fundamentally influenced by the Chinese culture and history. The practice of Chinese medicine over the millennia demonstrates that it is possible to use empirically established connections between events to make predictions without understanding the connections. Although knowledge of modern science, especially that of rock mechanics, is frequently referenced, the prediction program tends to be preoccupied more with identifying precursors to use for prediction than with explaining the precursors. This was particularly true for the first ten years of the prediction program.

 

(译:中国地震预报的哲学从根本上收到了中国文化和历史的影响。千年的中医实践表现的是,可以根据在事物之间的经验性的联系来进行预报,而不需要去了解这种联系。尽管那些地震预报经常引用现代科学知识、尤其是岩石力学的知识,但是更专注于识别用来预报的前兆,而不是解释这些前兆。在地震预报的头十年发展阶段,这一特征尤为明显。)

 

文章讲到了耿庆国的旱震法以及张铁铮的磁暴法因为记录太差而被废弃,结果成了汶川地震后网上炒作的热点:

 

In the meantime, empirical methods notorious for their false-alarm records, such as those based on drought occurrence (case 20 reviewed in Wyss, 1991) or on pairs of consecutive magnetic storms, gradually went out of fashion. Although some individuals still pursued these methods and frequently submitted prediction opinions, their opinions were generally ignored by the various prediction conferences that continued to be held. Later, the value of their opinions became the most heated subject in post-Wenchuan Internet debates over prediction claims.

 

(译:同时,一些由于虚报记录而声名狼藉的经验预报方法、比如旱震法(见Wyss 1991年综述文章的第20个实例)和磁暴二倍法,逐渐不再时兴。虽然一些个人仍然追求这些方法并且经常上交预报意见,他们的意见在后来延续到各个地震预报会议上一般都被忽略掉了。后来,这些人的意见在汶川震后互联网上关于声称预报的争吵中的最热门的话题。【译注:这些方法、以及整个争论过程,本人2008年到2009年的帖子都有全面的总结。】)

 

关于最后一个问题,作者说,在整个1966-1976阶段、以及1976-2008阶段的早期,地震预报工作确实削弱了抗震工作;而且宣传地震预报成功的故事总要带来虚假的安全感。

 

这篇文章的部分内容于同年由陈棋福发表在国内《第四纪研究》上,尽管这不是地震局自己办的刊物,却说得大大含蓄了。

http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=8570

 

另参见汶川地震三周年之际中新社对王克林的采访:“地震预报是空中阁楼 设防是地上盖楼”:

http://www.chinanews.com/hr/2011/05-10/3029015.shtml




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