图1. TLR及其信号通路(Zhao et al, Frontiers in immunology, 2014)血液中的浆细胞样DC(pDC)、肝脏中的库普弗细胞等细胞的TLR9是识别AAV基因组核酸(尤其是未甲基化CpG DNA)的主要模式识别受体,有研究人员用单链AAV载体体外刺激小鼠来源的pDC,结果在其培养上清中检测到了I型IFN的增加。采用人外周单个核细胞(PBMC)得到了类似的结果。临床前研究也证实了TLR9-MyD88信号通路活化是靶向肝脏和肌肉等AAV基因疗法中免疫激活的原因之一。单链AAV载体刺激TLR9敲除小鼠的pDC,未表现出IFN分泌的增加。采用TLR9抑制剂处理人pDC后,单链AAV的刺激便不能增加IFN的分泌。此外,研究表明AAV载体刺激pDC分泌IFN的效应与AAV载体血清型及装载的基因元件类型无关。以单链AAV载体刺激小鼠的巨噬细胞、库普弗细胞、人单核细胞等,未见I型IFN的分泌增加。上述结果表明TLR9是pDC内识别AAV载体的病原体模式识别受体。pDC是体内产生I型IFN最重要的细胞,其产生I型IFN的效率是其他细胞的一百倍以上。近期JL Shirley et al发文称:I型IFN是诱导特异性免疫中抗AAV衣壳CD8+T细胞反应的重要因素,固有免疫细胞pDC与cDC协同作用激活特异性免疫反应中的CD8+ T细胞免疫反应,其中TLR9对于pDC是必须的,对于cDC来说,TLR9显得不重要,其中pDC通过TLR9监测AAV载体的入侵,cDC负责AAV衣壳多肽抗原的提呈(见图2)。TLR9敲除小鼠通过过继输注野生型小鼠pDC可恢复其针对AAV衣壳的CD8+ T细胞免疫反应。上述研究表明pDC中TLR9固有免疫信号通路是后续适应性细胞免疫CD8+ T激活的重要因素。
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