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AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)是细胞能量代谢的核心调控枢纽,在ATP水平下降或AMP/ATP比值升高时被激活,进而促进分解代谢、抑制合成代谢以恢复能量稳态。A-769662(AbMole,M3444)是首个被报道可直接激活AMPK的变构调节剂,其作用位点位于AMPK的ADaM(allosteric drug and metabolism)位点,该位点位于激酶α亚基和β亚基的界面[1]。A-769662(CAS No.:844499-71-4)与ADaM位点结合后,通过稳定AMPK的活性构象并促进Thr172位点的磷酸化,实现对AMPK的变构激活,这一过程不依赖于上游激酶LKB1或CaMKKβ的参与[1]。值得注意的是A-769662对AMPK的β1亚基具有选择性偏好,这为研究不同β亚基组合的AMPK复合物功能提供了独特工具。 A-769662(AbMole,M3444)在细胞能量代谢调节中有着重要应用,并且细胞实验层面的数据表明,A-769662的激活效应具有浓度依赖性和底物选择性。在HEK293细胞中,能显著增加AMPK的Thr172磷酸化水平,并促进下游靶蛋白ACC的Ser79磷酸化;A-769662(50 μM)在C2C12肌管细胞中,能增强葡萄糖摄取和脂肪酸氧化,同时抑制mTORC1信号通路[2]。A-769662(25 μM)在HepG2肝细胞中,能降低脂质合成相关基因(如FAS、SREBP-1c)的表达,并促进线粒体生物发生标志物PGC-1α的上调[3]。动物实验中,A-769662(CAS No.:844499-71-4)在小鼠糖尿病模型中通过灌胃给药(30 mg/kg,每日两次)可降低空腹血糖和改善葡萄糖耐量;A-769662在高脂饮食诱导的小鼠肥胖模型中(灌胃给药30 mg/kg,连续4周)可减少肝脏脂质沉积并提高胰岛素敏感性[4]。
参考文献及鸣谢
[1] Cool, B.; Zinker, B.; Chiou, W.; et al. Identification and characterization of a small molecule AMPK activator that treats key components of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Cell Metabolism 2006, 3 (6), 403–416.
[2] Scott, J. W.; van Denderen, B. J.; Jorgensen, S. B.; et al. Thienopyridone drugs are selective activators of AMPK that prevent the development of experimental diabetic kidney disease. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2008, 19 (10), 1989–1999.
[3] Zang, M.; Xu, S.; Maitland-Toolan, K. A.; et al. Polyphenols stimulate AMP-activated protein kinase, lower lipids, and inhibit accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetic LDL receptor-deficient mice. Diabetes 2006, 55 (8), 2180–2191.
[4] Göransson, O.; McBride, A.; Hawley, S. A.; et al. Mechanism of action of A-769662, a specific small molecule activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Biochemical Journal 2007, 404 (1), 141–148.
[5] Xiao, B.; Sanders, M. J.; Underwood, E.; et al. Structure of mammalian AMPK and its regulation by ADP. Nature 2011, 472 (7342), 230–233.
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