ChengyangWang的个人博客分享 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/u/ChengyangWang

博文

RNA-seq居然能挖出这么多机制!给你的文章加5分

已有 11075 次阅读 2018-4-25 16:39 |个人分类:生物信息|系统分类:科普集锦

 

本文转载自嘉因微信公众号,已获得授权。查看最新文章,敬请关注嘉因,微信ID:rainbow-genome

作者:小丫  来源: 嘉因


手里有RNA-seq数据,不甘心发5分,想加点机制,发10分。下面的思路,总有一款适合你:

  1. RNA-seq数据 + 别人的ChIP-seq数据,准确找到靶基因,详见《RNA-seq这样画图,国自然必得A》;

  2. RNA-seq数据,转换成ATAC-seq,挖出关键调控因子,详见《任意两组RNA-seq变身,国自然得AAA》;

  3. RNA-seq数据,找enhancer expression,挖明星分子的远距离调控机制,详见本文。




“enhancer expression”是啥?

2010年的Nature,Kim等人发现:基因转录时,不仅promoter附近转录出mRNA,enhancer区域也转录出RNA,也就是enhancer RNA(eRNA)。eRNA预示着active enhancer



Figure 1 : Enhancers near the c-fos gene with increased CBP/RNAPII/NPAS4 binding and eRNA production upon membrane depolarization.

出自Kim, T.K., Hemberg, M., Gray, J.M., Costa, A.M., Bear, D.M., Wu, J.,Harmin, D.A., Laptewicz, M., Barbara-Haley, K., Kuersten, S. and Markenscoff-Papadimitriou, E., 2010. Widespread transcription at neuronal activity-regulated enhancers. Nature, 465(7295), p.182.


同期刊载了任兵为这一发现写的VIEWS:




Figure 1 | Unsuspected sites of transcription. a, Kim et al. find that, before treatment with KCl, neuronal enhancers and promoters are in an open configuration but produce no RNA transcripts, or only low levels of them.b, On activation by membrane depolarization following KCl treatment, transcription factors and RNA polymerase (RNAP) bind to enhancers, and enhancer RNA (eRNA) is made. Simultaneously, RNAP and transcription machinery also bind to promoters and initiate mRNA transcription. c, If the promoter is truncated, the enhancer still binds transcription factors and RNAP but can no longer make eRNA.

出自Ren, B. (2010). Transcription: Enhancers make non-coding RNA.Nature 465, 173–174.


怎样找enhancer?

读Review,总结了1种预测方法和6种实验方法,优点、缺点和参考文献,见文末。

  1. Computational Analysis of Conservation and TF-Binding Motifs

  2. Regulator Binding. p300 ChIP-seq

  3. Chromatin Accessibility. DNase-seq, FAIRE, ATAC-seq

  4. Histone Modifications. H3K4me1, H3K27ac

  5. Chromosomal Interaction. ChIA-PET

  6. Functional Enhancer Screening by Reporter Assay

  7. eRNA-Based Detection


怎样找active enhancer?

用其中的第7种方法,特异性的找到active enhancer


这么多方法,小丫推荐哪个?

7种方法各有所长,我喜欢把目标细胞类型里所有已发表数据都找出来,放在一起看。

  1. 用H3K4me1和H3K27ac找到一大片结合信号;

  2. 用p300、PolII、DNase/ATAC-seq提高resolution;

  3. 用ChIA-PET/Hi-C找enhancer结合的是哪个基因的promoter;

  4. 用eRNA区分active和poised enhancer;

  5. 如果目标组织特别难获取,1-4步所需的数据有限,就用基于motif和保守性的纯分析方法做预测;

  6. 锁定几个目标,用3C、Reporter Assay验证。

最后画出他中了国自然,因为最后一周补了这张图》里的神图,放在文章里,作为key figure。


找到active enhancer有何用?

基因受哪些转录因子调控?有近距离的promoter调控,也有远距离enhancer调控。特别是组织特异性表达的基因,往往精准的受到众多转录因子的远距离调控。

找到了active enhancer,下一步还是用《他中了国自然,因为最后一周补了这张图》里的神图,找出哪些转录因子结合这个enhancer,从而远距离调控我们心仪的基因!



最后,详细查看7种方法的优缺点:


MethodAdvantagesLimitations

Computational Analysis of Conservation and TF-Binding Motifs

Conservation analysis of noncoding elements between different speciesNovel conserved DNA segments or TF-binding motifs could be discovered.Many other regulatory elements could be included.

Not all enhancers are conserved.
Combinatorial analysis of TF-binding motif scan and conservationEasily applicable to many TFs with known motifs.High-false positive rate.

Regulator Binding

ChIP-seq of TFsOccupancy of key TFs predicts enhancers.Key TFs of the target cells must be known.

ChIP-grade antibodies are not available for all TFs.

Difficult to distinguish enhancers and promoters.

Do not cover all enhancers.
ChIP-seq of transcriptional coactivators such as p300p300-binding sites are reported to predict enhancers generally.Difficult to distinguish active and poised enhancers.
Chromatin Accessibility
DNase-seqExtensively used for various types of cells.Includes diverse types of regulatory elements such as promoters, insulators, and silencers besides enhancers.
Formaldehyde-assisted isolation of regulatory elements (FAIRE)-seq
ATAC-seqApplicable to small numbers of cells.

Short library preparation time.
Histone Modifications
ChIP-seq profiling of histone modifications (e.g., H3K4me1, H3K27ac)ChIP-grade antibodies are broadly available and applicable for many species.Broad peaks make it difficult to predict enhancers with high nucleotide resolution.
Chromosomal Interaction
Chromatin interaction analysis with paired-end tag sequencing (ChIA-PET)ChIA-PET of RNAPII predicts enhancers as well as enhancer–promoter interactions.Spatial proximity does not necessarily reflect functional regulatory relationships.
Functional Enhancer Screening by Reporter Assay
Massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs)Directly assess enhancer activities in parallel by sequencing the transcribed reporter containing heterologous barcodes.Not optimal for genome-wide screening.
Self-transcribing active regulatory region (STARR)-seqDirectly assesses genome-wide enhancer activities with a high detection rate by sequencing the transcribed enhancers themselves.
eRNA-Based Detection
RNA-seqExpression levels of eRNAsand their nearby genes are quantified simultaneously.Low nucleotide resolution.

Difficult to detect eRNAs, which are typically lowly expressed.

Detects only transcribed enhancers (not all enhancers are transcribed).
Chromatin-associated RNA (ChromRNA)-seqDetects unstable transcripts including eRNA by enriching chromatin fraction.Detects only transcribed enhancers, which are more likely to be active.
GRO-seq

PRO-seq
Detects unstable transcripts including eRNAs.Requires elaborate in vitro experimental procedures.

Detects only transcribed enhancers.
NET-seqDetects unstable transcripts including eRNAs.

Detects 3′ ends of RNAPII-bound eRNAs at nucleotide resolution.
Detection of 3′ ends of eRNAs makes it difficult to pinpoint enhancer region.

Detects only transcribed enhancers.
CAGEDetects the TSSs of eRNAs at nucleotide resolution.

Expression levels of eRNAs and their nearby genes are quantified simultaneously.
Requires large sample size to detect lowly expressed eRNAs.

Detects only transcribed enhancers.

回复“enhancer”,直达表格网页

出自Murakawa, Y., Yoshihara, M., Kawaji, H., Nishikawa, M., Zayed, H., Suzuki, H., and Fantom Consortium, and Hayashizaki, Y. (2016). Enhanced Identification of Transcriptional Enhancers Provides Mechanistic Insights into Diseases. Trends Genet. 32, 76–88. 




Cell paper图多,多角度论证,结论可靠。为了读透这篇Cell paper,小丫做足了准备工作:

上期激发兴趣《Cell的模式图画反,反,反了

本期铺垫基础知识

下期学习正文思路,就是这篇:

Chen, H., Li, C., Peng, X., Zhou, Z., Weinstein, J.N., Liang, H. and Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, 2018. A Pan-Cancer Analysis of Enhancer Expression in Nearly 9000 Patient Samples. Cell173(2), pp.386-399.


你可能还对下面两个问题的解决方案感兴趣:

转录因子调控了谁?》Plan ABCD

哪个蛋白质调控我感兴趣的基因?》Plan ABC


想用ChIP-seqATAC-seq研究感兴趣的基因?想整合ChIP-seq、ATAC-seq、eCLIP/RIP-seq、RNA-seq数据寻找线索?找嘉因生物吧!从实验、测序,到多种数据整合分析,为您一站式解决。(点击文中蓝字了解详情)




嘉因公众号定位:客户共性问题解答,生信学习资源导航,高通量实验导购 | 为您提供高通量实验-测序-分析-验证一站式解决方案

130225t2nzqrppn22nna6k.jpg



https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-3372875-1110860.html

上一篇:再次把Cell爆文的思路、方法用到自己的课题上
下一篇:Cell的模式图画反,反,反了
收藏 IP: 124.77.56.*| 热度|

0

该博文允许注册用户评论 请点击登录 评论 (0 个评论)

IP: 119.112.214.*   閸ョ偛顦� | 鐠э拷 鐠э拷 +1 [9]瀹曟棃鏁犻崡锟�   2021-9-15 09:04
  
hidden
IP: 1.87.240.*   | [8]閻€劍鍩涢崥锟�   2021-9-14 22:15
鐠囧嫯顔戝鑼病鐞氼偆顫栫€涳妇缍夐崚鐘绘珟
IP: 117.152.83.*   閸ョ偛顦� | 鐠э拷 鐠э拷 +1 [7]閺呭繑鍨氶崪锟�   2021-9-14 17:03
閸︺劎顫栫€涳附鐭囩€碉拷90楠炲娈戞禒濠傘亯閿涘备鈧拷 缁夋垵顒熼弰顖涱劀绾喚娈戦惌銉ㄧ槕閳ユ繐绱濇惔鏃囶嚉閹垫挷绗傛稉鈧稉顏堟6閸欏嚖绱濇惔鏃囶嚉閺堝澧嶉崣宥嗏偓婵勨偓锟�
闁插繐鐡欓悧鈺冩倞缁備線鏁橀幒銏n吙閺嶇ǹ顦婚悽闈涚摍閻ㄥ嫯顫夊瀣箥閸旑煉绱濇稉宥堝厴閻袙缁夋垵顒熸稊瀣毥閵嗭拷
閹存垹鏁ら弽绋款樆閻㈤潧鐡欑憴鍕伐鏉╂劕濮╅惃鍕偓婵堟樊閿涘苯娲栫粵鏂剧啊閳ユ粎娴夐崣妯糕偓浣稿亾閸栨牑鈧繄鐡戠粵澶愭鐟欙絼绠g拫婧库偓锟�
IP: 117.152.83.*   閸ョ偛顦� | 鐠э拷 鐠э拷 +1 [6]閺呭繑鍨氶崪锟�   2021-9-14 16:31
鐎佃壈鍤х粔鎴濐劅濞屽鐦嬮惃鍕劅閺堫垽绱濋棁鈧憰浣稿綗鏉堢喕绠犲鍕剁礉闂団偓鐟曚焦婀佺粋鑽ょ病閸欐盯浜鹃惃鍕灡閺傝埇鈧拷
IP: 219.237.112.*   閸ョ偛顦� | 鐠э拷 1 +1 [5]闁垝绗樺锟�   2021-9-13 15:27
娑撯偓閺勵垳顫栫€涳附妲稿锝団€橀惃鍕叀鐠囧棎鈧倻顑囨禍宀€顫掔€规矮绠熸稉铏诡潠鐎涳附妲哥€佃婀惌銉ょ瑯閻e瞼娈戦幒銏㈠偍閵嗗倹銈兼稉鑽ょ舶閸戣櫣娈戞稉銈囶潚鐎规矮绠熼敍灞界杽闂勫懍绗傞弰顖欑缁夊稄绱濈亸杈ㄦЦ缁楋拷2缁夊稄绱濈粭锟�1缁夊秷顓绘稉鐑樻Ц濮濓絿鈥橀惃鍕剁礉閸忚泛鐤勯柈鑺ユЦ閻╃ǹ顕惃鍕剁礉娑撯偓娑擃亝鏌婇惃鍕潎閻愮懓鍤悳甯礉鐢ǹ鐖堕張澶夌挨鐠侇噯绱濇稊鐔锋皑閺勵垵顕╅崣鎴c€冮惃鍕眽鐠併倓璐熼弰顖涱劀绾噯绱濋懓灞藉従娴犳牗婀佹禍澶庮唴閻ㄥ嫪姹夌拋銈勮礋閺勵垯绗夊锝団€橀敍灞惧灗閼板懍绗夐崗銊╂桨閿涘苯娲滃銈呮躬娑撳秵鏌囬惃鍕赴缁鳖澀鑵戦崢璁虫叏濮濓絾鍨ㄩ懓鍛腹閸婃帡鍣搁弶銉b偓鍌涖偧娑撶粯澧嶇拠瀵告畱閸忓娈戞禍宀勫櫢閹嶇礉閸忚泛鐤勬潻娆戭潚娴滃顔戝鎻掔发婢舵艾鍕鹃敍宀冨殾娴犲﹣绮涢悞璺烘躬娴滃顔戞稊瀣╄厬閿涘苯鍘滈惃鍕煈鐎涙劖鈧冩嫲閸忓娈戦柌蹇撶摍閹嶇礉闁姤妲稿顔款潎妫板棗鐓欓敍灞藉帨閻ㄥ嫭灏濋崝銊︹偓褎妲搁崷銊ョ暞鐟欏倸鐪伴棃顫礉閸欘垱妲告禍楦垮€濋惇鑲╂箙娑撳秷顫嗛敍灞藉涧閼宠棄婀悽浣冾潒閵嗕胶鏁哥拠婵呰厬閸樿缍嬫导姘辨絻閵嗗倸褰查弰顖滎潠閹垛偓妫板棗鐓欓懛鍏呯矕濞屸剝婀佺憴锝呭枀鐎瑰繗顫囨稉搴′簳鐟欏倷绠i梻瀵告畱閸忓磭閮撮敍灞剧梾閺堝绔存稉顏嗙埠娑撯偓閻ㄥ嫯顕╁▔鏇礉
閻╊喖澧犳禍澶庮啈閺堚偓婢舵氨娈戦垾婊嗐偪閸栫儵鈧繂鎷伴垾婊€鑵戦崠鐑┾偓婵嗘憿娑撯偓娑擃亝妲哥粔鎴濐劅閻ㄥ嫰妫舵0妯糕偓鍌氬従鐎圭偘绗夐弰顖ょ礉閻喐顒滈惃鍕妽閻愮懓绨茬拠銉︽Ц閼虫垝绗夐懗钘夘檮濞岃銈介惀鍜冪礉娑擃厼灏伴崷銊よ厬閸ヨ棄鍤戦崡鍐ㄥ嬀濞岃銈芥禍鍡楃发婢舵矮姹夐惃鍕⒕閿涘奔绮幀搴濈疄鐏忓彉绗夌粔鎴濐劅閿涘苯顩ч弸婊咁潠鐎涳缚绗夐弰顖欒礋娴滆櫣琚張宥呭閿涘矂鍋呮潻娆掔箷閺勵垳顫栫€涳箑鎮ч敍鐔活洣鏉╂瑦鐗遍惃鍕潠鐎涳箑鍏辨禒鈧稊鍫吹閻滄澘婀亸杈ㄦ箒娴滆櫣鍊版担婊勵洤韫囩绱濋悽銊ㄦ珓閹风喓娈戞稉婊嗐偪閺夈儴顕╅弰搴濈閸掑浄绱濋崚鏉裤仈閺夈儰绱伴幀搴濈疄閺嶅嚖绱垫禍鍝勪紣閺呴缚鍏橀惃鍕瑩鐎硅泛绨遍崗褰掔參鐏忔棑绱濇禒鏍吇娑擄拷30楠炴潙鎮楁禍鍝勫讲娴犮儲妗堥悽鐕傜礉鏉╂瑦妲戦弰搴㈡Ц娑撳秴褰查懗钘夌杽閻滄壆娈戦敍灞肩铂鐏忚京鍊版担婊€绨℃潻娆庨嚋濮掑倸搴烽敍灞界杽闂勫懍绗傛潻娆愭Ц娑撳秶顫栫€涳妇娈戦妴锟�
閸ョ偛顦�  閿涳拷 闂団偓鐟曚礁鍩岀粈鍙ョ窗鐎圭偠杩旀稉顓♀偓鍐ㄧ檪閿涘本鐦俊鍌︾礉閸樿鑵戦崠濠氭珜閸滃矁銈块崠濠氭珜閿涘苯缍嬫禒濠呯箷閺堝顦挎径褏娈戦崠鍝勫焼閿涳拷
2021-9-13 21:161 濡ょ》绱欓崶鐐差槻濡ら棿瀵岄敍锟� 鐠э拷 鐠э拷 +1 | 閸ョ偛顦�
閸ョ偛顦�  閿涳拷 閸欙箑顦婚敍宀勬付鐟曚礁灏崚顐$皑鐎圭偘绗岀憴鍌滃仯閿涳拷
鏉╂瑤绡冮弰顖欒礋娴f洝顕總鏍у涧妫颁礁褰傜紒娆愭簚閻炲棗鎷伴幎鈧張锟� - 閸楃绱濇禍瀣杽閿涳拷
娑撯偓閼割兛绗夋导姘额暒閸欐垹绮伴悶鍡氼啈 - 鐟欏倻鍋i敍灞芥晼缁犫€愁洤娴f洝骞忓妞剧皑鐎圭偞妲搁悶鍡氼啈閻ㄥ嫭瀵氱€电鈧拷
2021-9-13 21:212 濡ょ》绱欓崶鐐差槻濡ら棿瀵岄敍锟� 鐠э拷 鐠э拷 +1 | 閸ョ偛顦�
IP: 223.66.184.*   閸ョ偛顦� | 鐠э拷 2 +1 [4]濮f稑鏉介幋锟�   2021-9-13 11:26
閸ヨ棄顔嶉幎鏇炲弳閻ㄥ嫰鎸舵潻妯虹毌閸氭绱濋悽銊╂尪缁夘垳鐤挧閿嬫降閻ㄥ嫯顔戦弬鍥箷鐏忔垵鎮ч敍鐔烘暏婢堆囧櫤婢舵牗鐪规稊鐗堟降缁夋垹鐖烘禒顏勬珤鏉╂ê鐨崥妤嬬礉妤傛ɑ銈兼径褍甯甸惃鍕杽妤犲苯顓绘潻妯虹毌閸氭绱甸懞鍗烆樆濮瑰洣鎷遍弶銉︽瀮閻氼喗鏆熼幑顔肩氨鏉╂ê鐨崥妤嬬吹娑撹櫣顫栭惍鏃団偓灞炬偠闁借鲸妲搁弸浣哥毌閺佸府绱濇稉鐑樻偠闁借精鈧瞼顫栭惍鏃€妲哥紒婵嗐亣婢舵碍鏆熼妴鍌濃偓宀€婀″锝囨畱缁夋垹鐖洪弰顖欑瑝閼洪亶鎸堕惃鍕剁磼
閸ョ偛顦�  閿涳拷 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-1140979-1302936.html鐠囧嫯顔�5 - 閸忔娊鏁崷銊ュ絺鐏炴洝鍤滃杈╂畱缁儳鐦戞禒顏勬珤閸掑爼鈧姰鈧焦鏆熼幑顔胯拫娴犺泛鍨庨弸鎰嫲閺堢喎鍨旈崙铏瑰娴溠傜瑹閵嗭拷
閺冦儲婀版0鎴犵畳閼剧柉顕總鏍电礉鏉╂瑦妲告稉搴㈡)閺堫剛娈戠划鎯х槕娴狀亜娅掗崚鍫曗偓鐘冲Η閺堫垯绔村ù浣烘纯閹恒儳娴夐崗瀹犱粓閻ㄥ嫨鈧拷
2021-9-13 11:491 濡ょ》绱欓崶鐐差槻濡ら棿瀵岄敍锟� 鐠э拷 鐠э拷 +1 | 閸ョ偛顦�
閸ョ偛顦�  閿涳拷 缁儳鐦戞禒顏勬珤閸掑爼鈧姵濡ч張锟�https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/kT0IksvprZKa2bhHW5QuQg閵嗭拷
2021-9-13 11:502 濡ょ》绱欓崶鐐差槻濡ら棿瀵岄敍锟� 鐠э拷 鐠э拷 +1 | 閸ョ偛顦�
閸ョ偛顦�  閿涳拷 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-41701-1289241.html 閿涘牐鐦庣拋锟�4閿涘濡ч張顖涙Ц缁夋垵顒熼崪宀€绮″ù搴″絺鐏炴洜娈戦崘鍐茬暰閸ョ姷绀岄敍锟�
閸氬本鐗遍敍锟�
鏉╂垳鍞粔鎴濐劅閻ㄥ嫯鎹i悙锟� - 閸忓顒熸禒顏勬珤閸欐垶妲戦敍锟�
娴艰棄鍩勯悾銉礉娑撹桨绨″Ч鍌濈槈閸︽壆鎮嗛崷銊ㄧ箥閸旑煉绱濇總鐘茬唨娴滃棛顫栫€涳附鏌熷▔锟� - http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1299289.html閿涘牐鐦庣拋锟�2閿涘鈧拷
2021-9-13 11:583 濡ょ》绱欓崶鐐差槻濡ら棿瀵岄敍锟� 鐠э拷 鐠э拷 +1 | 閸ョ偛顦�
閸ョ偛顦�  閿涳拷 鐎碉拷
2021-9-13 11:594 濡ょ》绱欓崶鐐差槻 2 濡ょ》绱� 鐠э拷 鐠э拷 +1 | 閸ョ偛顦�
閸ョ偛顦�  閿涳拷 濞夘煉绱伴崚姘愁嚢閸掞拷
http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-1792012-1302494.html - 鐠囥儲鏋冪憴鍌滃仯娑撳孩婀版禍铏规畱閹恒垻鍌ㄧ紒鎾诡啈娑撯偓閼疯揪绱伴懠鍐ㄧ础閸滃本濡ч張顖涙Ц鏉╂垳鍞粔鎴濐劅鐠囩偟鏁撻惃鍕斧閸ョ姰鈧拷
2021-9-13 15:275 濡ょ》绱欓崶鐐差槻 3 濡ょ》绱� 鐠э拷 鐠э拷 +1 | 閸ョ偛顦�
IP: 106.120.90.*   閸ョ偛顦� | 鐠э拷 鐠э拷 +1 [3]鐎涚喎鍩勯崘锟�   2021-9-13 11:15
閳ユ粌鍘涢崣鎴濈潔閸ヨ棄顔嶉張澶婂嚒缂佸繑鍨氶悢鐔烘畱缁夋垵顒熸导鐘电埠閿涘本妲搁崥锕€娲栫粵鏃囩箹娑撯偓闂傤噣顣介獮鏈电瑝闁插秷顩﹂妴鍌氼嚠娴滃骸鎮楅崣鎴濈潔閸ヨ棄顔嶉敍灞藉涪濞撳懓绻栨稉鈧張鈧稉鍝勭唨绾偓閻ㄥ嫰妫舵0妯烘皑鐏忋倓璐熼柌宥堫洣娴滃棎鈧倵鈧拷

娑撹桨绮堟稊鍫礉閺堝鍨氶悢鐔烘畱缁夋垵顒熸导鐘电埠閿涘苯娲栫粵鏃囩箹娑擃亪妫舵0妯烘皑娑撳秹鍣哥憰浣风啊閿涚喐鍨氶悢鐔剁啊鐏忚鲸鍓伴崨宕囨絻娑撳秹娓剁憰浣稿絺鐏炴洑绨¢敍锟�
IP: 223.66.184.*   閸ョ偛顦� | 鐠э拷 鐠э拷 +1 [2]濮f稑鏉介幋锟�   2021-9-13 11:15
閹跺ň鈧粎袧缁鳖垯绗夋径鐔测偓婊冪秼閹存劒鑵戦崶鐣岊潠鐎涳箓妫舵0妯兼畱娑撴槒顩﹂弽瑙勭爱閸欘垯浜掔拠瀛樻Ц娑擃厼娴楃粔鎴濐劅閻e瞼娈戞稉鈧粔宥堝殰閹存垿澶柋澶涚礉鐏忓崬銈藉В鏃€濡告稉顓炴禇閸╄櫣顢呴弫娆掑仜閻鍨氶弰顖欑瑯閻e奔绔村ù渚€鍋呴弽鍑ょ礉濞屸剝婀佹稉顏勫焼閸楀簼姹夐惃鍕秼婢跺瓨顥楅崰婵撶礉婢堆冾啀闁棄娅庨懟銉ョ槰閾﹀绨¢敍锟�
IP: 120.230.136.*   閸ョ偛顦� | 鐠э拷 鐠э拷 +1 [1]閺囩偓婢�   2021-9-13 10:37
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/fZA2XvLXlUZHG2vJ8fCPhg閺夈劍灏熺€逛緤绱扮粔鎴濐劅閻梻鈹掗惃鍕惂閸涚偨鈧拷
閸ョ偛顦�  閿涳拷 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-673617-1303282.html鐠囧嫯顔�4閿涘苯鍙ч柨顔兼躬婵″倷缍嶉柎鏉戝焼缁夋垵顒熸稉搴ㄦ姜缁夋垵顒熼妴锟�
2021-9-13 10:401 濡ょ》绱欓崶鐐差槻濡ら棿瀵岄敍锟� 鐠э拷 鐠э拷 +1 | 閸ョ偛顦�
閸ョ偛顦�  閿涳拷 缁夋垵顒熸稉搴㈢《鐎涳箑鎮撳┃鎰剁礉
闂団偓鐟曚焦娅橀崣濠冪《鐎涳负鈧焦娅橀崣濠勵潠鐎涳箑寮烽崗璺哄敶閸︺劌鎽€涳妇娈戦柅姘崇槕閺佹瑨鍋�http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-829-1303524.html
- 1閿涘秳姹夐弬鍥╃翱缁佺儑绱欓弶銊﹀盁鐎逛浇鐨ラ崕鎺戭劅http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-673617-1303282.html - 鐎涚喎鐡欓崪灞炬缂侊拷https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/nAQ_t4OSgKpXwyZ7g0aclA閿涘绱�
2閿涘秶顫栫€涳附鏌熷▔锟�https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/5oDCZ2M8KHkAHuMsJfqdeA閵嗭拷
2021-9-13 10:482 濡ょ》绱欓崶鐐差槻 1 濡ょ》绱� 鐠э拷 鐠э拷 +1 | 閸ョ偛顦�
閸ョ偛顦�  閿涳拷 闁俺鐦戦弫娆掑仜 - 濮掑倸搴烽崚鍡樼€�http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-575926-1303040.html閿涳拷
缁夋垵顒熼弬瑙勭《 - 闁存潙鍩嗙粔鎴濐劅娑撳酣娼粔鎴濐劅http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-575926-1302164.html閿涳拷
閸ヨ棄鍞� - 闁插洨鏁CI鐠囧嫪鍙婇惃鍕斧閸ワ拷http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-575926-1302503.html閿涘牐鐦庣拋锟�28閿涘鈧拷
2021-9-13 11:063 濡ょ》绱欓崶鐐差槻 2 濡ょ》绱� 鐠э拷 鐠э拷 +1 | 閸ョ偛顦�
閸ョ偛顦�  閿涳拷 濞喲呯法 - http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-45134-1287568.html鐠囧嫯顔�5 - 闁插洨鏁BC娴f挸鍩楃拋鎹愵吀閻ㄥ嫭膩瀵繈鈧拷
2021-9-13 11:144 濡ょ》绱欓崶鐐差槻 3 濡ょ》绱� 鐠э拷 鐠э拷 +1 | 閸ョ偛顦�
閸ョ偛顦�  閿涳拷 鐠囧嫯顔�5閿涳拷
缁夋垹鐖洪惃鍕瀮閸栨牕鎷版担鎾冲煑閺勵垯绔存稉顏嗛兇缂佺噦绱欏灞界摍娑撳褰ч懘姘剧礉 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-45134-1219875.html鐠囧嫯顔�65 - ABC閿涘牆鍙ч柨顔兼躬閸╂椽鍣剧拠鍕吀娑撳酣鐛欓弨鑸垫簚閸掕绱� - 閸楃绱濋幓鎰毉闂傤噣顣芥稉搴ば掗崘鎶芥6妫版ḿ娈戦懓鍐╃壋http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-575926-1289623.html閿涘牐鐦庣拋锟�6閿涘鈧拷
閺夈劍灏熺€逛浇鐨ラ崕鎺戭劅https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/fZA2XvLXlUZHG2vJ8fCPhg閿涳拷
娑撳氦鎸烽幈鏇熸鐠嬪牏顫栫€涳附鏌熷▔锟�http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-980214-1301746.html閿涘牐鐦庣拋锟�4閿涳拷https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/K9R9nHiDfgLhpwz5benWSw閿涘瞼鐡戦妴锟�
---閸忚泛鐤勯敍灞藉弿闁劑妫舵0姗堢礉閸︺劏绻栨稉銈呭嬀闁€燁吙鐠侀缚绻冩禍锟�--
2021-9-13 11:235 濡ょ》绱欓崶鐐差槻 4 濡ょ》绱� 鐠э拷 鐠э拷 +1 | 閸ョ偛顦�
閸ョ偛顦�  閿涳拷 缂佹捁顔戦敍锟�
瀵洝绻樺▎褏绶ㄧ粔鎴犵埡娴f挸鍩� - http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-45134-1287568.html鐠囧嫯顔�3 - 闁插洨鏁BC娴f挸鍩楃拋鎹愵吀閻ㄥ嫭膩瀵骏绱�
闁插秶鍋i崷銊﹀絹閸戞椽妫舵0锟�https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/8_Vjb95VYt8K860tDthGCg娑撳氦袙閸愭娊妫舵0锟�https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/X0oIbsEzJNCLxrgSbvMdlg - 鏉╂瑦妲哥粔鎴濐劅閻梻鈹掗惃鍕壋韫囧啳顩﹂悙鐧哥礉
娑撳秴鎮撴禍搴ゎ嚢閺佹瑧顫栨稊锔衡偓锟�
2021-9-13 11:306 濡ょ》绱欓崶鐐差槻 5 濡ょ》绱� 鐠э拷 鐠э拷 +1 | 閸ョ偛顦�

1/1 | 閹槒顓�:9 | 妫f牠銆� | 娑撳﹣绔存い锟� | 娑撳绔存い锟� | 閺堫偊銆� | 鐠哄疇娴�

Archiver|手机版|科学网 ( 京ICP备07017567号-12 )

GMT+8, 2025-3-1 22:30

Powered by ScienceNet.cn

Copyright © 2007-2025 中国科学报社

返回顶部