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RNA-seq居然能挖出这么多机制!给你的文章加5分

已有 11074 次阅读 2018-4-25 16:39 |个人分类:生物信息|系统分类:科普集锦

 

本文转载自嘉因微信公众号,已获得授权。查看最新文章,敬请关注嘉因,微信ID:rainbow-genome

作者:小丫  来源: 嘉因


手里有RNA-seq数据,不甘心发5分,想加点机制,发10分。下面的思路,总有一款适合你:

  1. RNA-seq数据 + 别人的ChIP-seq数据,准确找到靶基因,详见《RNA-seq这样画图,国自然必得A》;

  2. RNA-seq数据,转换成ATAC-seq,挖出关键调控因子,详见《任意两组RNA-seq变身,国自然得AAA》;

  3. RNA-seq数据,找enhancer expression,挖明星分子的远距离调控机制,详见本文。




“enhancer expression”是啥?

2010年的Nature,Kim等人发现:基因转录时,不仅promoter附近转录出mRNA,enhancer区域也转录出RNA,也就是enhancer RNA(eRNA)。eRNA预示着active enhancer



Figure 1 : Enhancers near the c-fos gene with increased CBP/RNAPII/NPAS4 binding and eRNA production upon membrane depolarization.

出自Kim, T.K., Hemberg, M., Gray, J.M., Costa, A.M., Bear, D.M., Wu, J.,Harmin, D.A., Laptewicz, M., Barbara-Haley, K., Kuersten, S. and Markenscoff-Papadimitriou, E., 2010. Widespread transcription at neuronal activity-regulated enhancers. Nature, 465(7295), p.182.


同期刊载了任兵为这一发现写的VIEWS:




Figure 1 | Unsuspected sites of transcription. a, Kim et al. find that, before treatment with KCl, neuronal enhancers and promoters are in an open configuration but produce no RNA transcripts, or only low levels of them.b, On activation by membrane depolarization following KCl treatment, transcription factors and RNA polymerase (RNAP) bind to enhancers, and enhancer RNA (eRNA) is made. Simultaneously, RNAP and transcription machinery also bind to promoters and initiate mRNA transcription. c, If the promoter is truncated, the enhancer still binds transcription factors and RNAP but can no longer make eRNA.

出自Ren, B. (2010). Transcription: Enhancers make non-coding RNA.Nature 465, 173–174.


怎样找enhancer?

读Review,总结了1种预测方法和6种实验方法,优点、缺点和参考文献,见文末。

  1. Computational Analysis of Conservation and TF-Binding Motifs

  2. Regulator Binding. p300 ChIP-seq

  3. Chromatin Accessibility. DNase-seq, FAIRE, ATAC-seq

  4. Histone Modifications. H3K4me1, H3K27ac

  5. Chromosomal Interaction. ChIA-PET

  6. Functional Enhancer Screening by Reporter Assay

  7. eRNA-Based Detection


怎样找active enhancer?

用其中的第7种方法,特异性的找到active enhancer


这么多方法,小丫推荐哪个?

7种方法各有所长,我喜欢把目标细胞类型里所有已发表数据都找出来,放在一起看。

  1. 用H3K4me1和H3K27ac找到一大片结合信号;

  2. 用p300、PolII、DNase/ATAC-seq提高resolution;

  3. 用ChIA-PET/Hi-C找enhancer结合的是哪个基因的promoter;

  4. 用eRNA区分active和poised enhancer;

  5. 如果目标组织特别难获取,1-4步所需的数据有限,就用基于motif和保守性的纯分析方法做预测;

  6. 锁定几个目标,用3C、Reporter Assay验证。

最后画出他中了国自然,因为最后一周补了这张图》里的神图,放在文章里,作为key figure。


找到active enhancer有何用?

基因受哪些转录因子调控?有近距离的promoter调控,也有远距离enhancer调控。特别是组织特异性表达的基因,往往精准的受到众多转录因子的远距离调控。

找到了active enhancer,下一步还是用《他中了国自然,因为最后一周补了这张图》里的神图,找出哪些转录因子结合这个enhancer,从而远距离调控我们心仪的基因!



最后,详细查看7种方法的优缺点:


MethodAdvantagesLimitations

Computational Analysis of Conservation and TF-Binding Motifs

Conservation analysis of noncoding elements between different speciesNovel conserved DNA segments or TF-binding motifs could be discovered.Many other regulatory elements could be included.

Not all enhancers are conserved.
Combinatorial analysis of TF-binding motif scan and conservationEasily applicable to many TFs with known motifs.High-false positive rate.

Regulator Binding

ChIP-seq of TFsOccupancy of key TFs predicts enhancers.Key TFs of the target cells must be known.

ChIP-grade antibodies are not available for all TFs.

Difficult to distinguish enhancers and promoters.

Do not cover all enhancers.
ChIP-seq of transcriptional coactivators such as p300p300-binding sites are reported to predict enhancers generally.Difficult to distinguish active and poised enhancers.
Chromatin Accessibility
DNase-seqExtensively used for various types of cells.Includes diverse types of regulatory elements such as promoters, insulators, and silencers besides enhancers.
Formaldehyde-assisted isolation of regulatory elements (FAIRE)-seq
ATAC-seqApplicable to small numbers of cells.

Short library preparation time.
Histone Modifications
ChIP-seq profiling of histone modifications (e.g., H3K4me1, H3K27ac)ChIP-grade antibodies are broadly available and applicable for many species.Broad peaks make it difficult to predict enhancers with high nucleotide resolution.
Chromosomal Interaction
Chromatin interaction analysis with paired-end tag sequencing (ChIA-PET)ChIA-PET of RNAPII predicts enhancers as well as enhancer–promoter interactions.Spatial proximity does not necessarily reflect functional regulatory relationships.
Functional Enhancer Screening by Reporter Assay
Massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs)Directly assess enhancer activities in parallel by sequencing the transcribed reporter containing heterologous barcodes.Not optimal for genome-wide screening.
Self-transcribing active regulatory region (STARR)-seqDirectly assesses genome-wide enhancer activities with a high detection rate by sequencing the transcribed enhancers themselves.
eRNA-Based Detection
RNA-seqExpression levels of eRNAsand their nearby genes are quantified simultaneously.Low nucleotide resolution.

Difficult to detect eRNAs, which are typically lowly expressed.

Detects only transcribed enhancers (not all enhancers are transcribed).
Chromatin-associated RNA (ChromRNA)-seqDetects unstable transcripts including eRNA by enriching chromatin fraction.Detects only transcribed enhancers, which are more likely to be active.
GRO-seq

PRO-seq
Detects unstable transcripts including eRNAs.Requires elaborate in vitro experimental procedures.

Detects only transcribed enhancers.
NET-seqDetects unstable transcripts including eRNAs.

Detects 3′ ends of RNAPII-bound eRNAs at nucleotide resolution.
Detection of 3′ ends of eRNAs makes it difficult to pinpoint enhancer region.

Detects only transcribed enhancers.
CAGEDetects the TSSs of eRNAs at nucleotide resolution.

Expression levels of eRNAs and their nearby genes are quantified simultaneously.
Requires large sample size to detect lowly expressed eRNAs.

Detects only transcribed enhancers.

回复“enhancer”,直达表格网页

出自Murakawa, Y., Yoshihara, M., Kawaji, H., Nishikawa, M., Zayed, H., Suzuki, H., and Fantom Consortium, and Hayashizaki, Y. (2016). Enhanced Identification of Transcriptional Enhancers Provides Mechanistic Insights into Diseases. Trends Genet. 32, 76–88. 




Cell paper图多,多角度论证,结论可靠。为了读透这篇Cell paper,小丫做足了准备工作:

上期激发兴趣《Cell的模式图画反,反,反了

本期铺垫基础知识

下期学习正文思路,就是这篇:

Chen, H., Li, C., Peng, X., Zhou, Z., Weinstein, J.N., Liang, H. and Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, 2018. A Pan-Cancer Analysis of Enhancer Expression in Nearly 9000 Patient Samples. Cell173(2), pp.386-399.


你可能还对下面两个问题的解决方案感兴趣:

转录因子调控了谁?》Plan ABCD

哪个蛋白质调控我感兴趣的基因?》Plan ABC


想用ChIP-seqATAC-seq研究感兴趣的基因?想整合ChIP-seq、ATAC-seq、eCLIP/RIP-seq、RNA-seq数据寻找线索?找嘉因生物吧!从实验、测序,到多种数据整合分析,为您一站式解决。(点击文中蓝字了解详情)




嘉因公众号定位:客户共性问题解答,生信学习资源导航,高通量实验导购 | 为您提供高通量实验-测序-分析-验证一站式解决方案

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2015-7-20 06:501 濠德板€楅妴瀣濞嗘挸鐐婇柣鎰▕濡茬粯淇婇妶澶嬶紵閻庨潧鐭傞弫宥夋晸閿燂拷 闁荤姍宥嗗 闁荤姍宥嗗 +1 | 闂佹悶鍎抽崑娑⑺囬敓锟�
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My impression is that very few professors in China have real experience with industry. In the old days, there weren't many domestic high tech industry to speak of. I hope this situation changes in the coming years.

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This is really insightful - I believe these are not only restricted to engineer education, thanks for sharing and this made my day.
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Cannot help to read the speech for 3 times. I belive that I will read it again, surely, also I hope that my students can understand what Prof. Ho means in his speech too, gradually. Thank you, Prof. Ho!
闂佹悶鍎抽崑娑⑺囬敓锟�  闂佹寧鍐婚幏锟� Thanks for the. Feedback. Your words are my reward for writing.
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闂佹悶鍎查崘鑽ゆ濠靛绠涢柣鏃堟櫜閹綁鏌i妸銉ヮ仼缂佹椽绠栨俊鎾磼濠靛棙顔囬悗瑙勭摃妞寸ǹ危閹间胶宓佹慨婵嗙灱缁犮儵鏌i妸銉ヮ伒缂佽鲸绻堝浼搭敍濞戞ê袣闁哄鍋熼弲顐⑨缚閸愵喖绀嗘い鎰ㄥ墲閻粙鏌i妸銉ヮ仼閹煎瓨绮撳畷婵嬪煛閳ь剛绮畝鍕哗妞ゆ牗绋戦惁顕€鏌曢崱顓熷

闁哄鏅滈悷銉ㄣ亹閻愬灚瀚氭繝闈涙-閸ょ娀鏌熺€涙ê鐏g紒鈥冲暙椤曘儵宕奸悢鍝ョ暢闂佸憡鍔栬ぐ鍐吹閿燂拷
"...it is not engineering if it cannot be put into practice and that an"exercise left to the reader" is often the difference between success and failure of an engineering  endeavor..."

闂傚倸鐗忛崑娑㈡偉閸洖绠涢柣鏂款煼濡鏌熼鍝勫婵炲牊鍨垮畷姘跺幢閺囥垻鍙愰梺闈涙4閹凤拷
闂佹悶鍎抽崑娑⑺囬敓锟�  闂佹寧鍐婚幏锟� Thank you for the kind words and for your excellent Chinese summary.
2015-7-17 19:181 濠德板€楅妴瀣濞嗘挸鐐婇柣鎰▕濡茬粯淇婇妶澶嬶紵閻庨潧鐭傞弫宥夋晸閿燂拷 闁荤姍宥嗗 闁荤姍宥嗗 +1 | 闂佹悶鍎抽崑娑⑺囬敓锟�
IP: 119.145.137.*   闂佹悶鍎抽崑娑⑺囬敓锟� | 闁荤姍宥嗗 闁荤姍宥嗗 +1 [2]闁诲孩绋撻崰搴ㄥ吹閿燂拷   2015-7-17 16:45
best memeories, u have been a legend in this field
闂佹悶鍎抽崑娑⑺囬敓锟�  闂佹寧鍐婚幏锟� Thanks.
2015-7-17 19:181 濠德板€楅妴瀣濞嗘挸鐐婇柣鎰▕濡茬粯淇婇妶澶嬶紵閻庨潧鐭傞弫宥夋晸閿燂拷 闁荤姍宥嗗 闁荤姍宥嗗 +1 | 闂佹悶鍎抽崑娑⑺囬敓锟�
IP: 106.39.150.*   闂佹悶鍎抽崑娑⑺囬敓锟� | 闁荤姍宥嗗 闁荤姍宥嗗 +1 [1]闁荤姴顑冮崹瑙勬叏閿燂拷   2015-7-16 23:17
闂佸憡鍔栭悷褍鈻撻幋锔筋棃闁绘劘灏欓崺妤€鈹戦崒姘兼綗闁逞屽墮閸婇鎷归悢鍝ヮ浄闁逞屽墯缁嬪﹪宕煎⿰鍛梺绋跨箰閻楀繘寮幘鍓佺焿閻犲洩灏欑壕鑽も偓瑙勬偠閸庢壆绮悢鍏煎仼閻忕偠妫勯悡鍌炴煕濠靛棛澧旂紓宥嗘尵閹风姷鎷犻幓鎺曅曟繝銏n嚃閸嬪嫰骞夐崸妤佹櫖闁绘梻枪閻忔鎮规担鍛婂暈闁稿绉瑰畷鐑藉Ω閵堝嫮闉嶉梺鍛婃尭缁夎泛鈻撻幋锕€纭€婵﹩鍘介悗顔剧磽娴e湱鎳冮柛銈庡幗濞煎宕堕埡鍐╂啺濠碘剝顨呴悧鐐垫濠靛牏鐭堟繝闈涙閸嬶拷
闂佹悶鍎抽崑娑⑺囬敓锟�  闂佹寧鍐婚幏锟� After 4.5 years of MIT working very hard to get my BS and MS, I was tired of study, still very young (20.5 years old) and needed money. so I took a full time  industrial job that lasted three years. but I always wanted to get a ph.d degree so I returned to graduate study in 1958.
2015-7-17 00:041 濠德板€楅妴瀣濞嗘挸鐐婇柣鎰▕濡茬粯淇婇妶澶嬶紵閻庨潧鐭傞弫宥夋晸閿燂拷 闁荤姍宥嗗 闁荤姍宥嗗 +1 | 闂佹悶鍎抽崑娑⑺囬敓锟�
闂佹悶鍎抽崑娑⑺囬敓锟�  闂佹寧鍐婚幏锟� Thanks.
2015-7-17 19:552 濠德板€楅妴瀣濞嗘挸鐐婇柣鎰▕濡茬粯淇婇妶澶嬶紵閻庨潧鐭傞弫宥夋晸閿燂拷 闁荤姍宥嗗 闁荤姍宥嗗 +1 | 闂佹悶鍎抽崑娑⑺囬敓锟�

1/1 | 闂佽鍓氬Σ鎺楊敇閿燂拷:9 | 婵☆偓绲鹃悧鐘诲Υ閿燂拷 | 婵炴垶鎸搁敃锝囩博鐎涙ǜ浜滈柨鐕傛嫹 | 婵炴垶鎸搁鍕博鐎涙ǜ浜滈柨鐕傛嫹 | 闂佸搫鐗滈崑濠囧Υ閿燂拷 | 闁荤姴鎼悿鍥归敓锟�

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