背景回顾：Cannabis sativa has long been an important source of fiber extracted from hemp and both medicinal and recreational drugs based on cannabinoid compounds. 

主要研究：Here, we investigated its poorly known domestication history using whole-genome resequencing of 110 accessions from worldwide origins. 

结果1-驯化历史：We show that C. sativa was first domesticated in early Neolithic times in East Asia and that all current hemp and drug cultivars diverged from an ancestral gene pool currently represented by feral plants and landraces in China. 

结果2-性状分化基因：We identified candidate genes associated with traits differentiating hemp and drug cultivars, including branching pattern and cellulose/lignin biosynthesis. 

结果3-基因功能演化：We also found evidence for loss of function of genes involved in the synthesis of the two major biochemically competing cannabinoids during selection for increased fiber production or psychoactive properties. 

结论：Our results provide a unique global view of the domestication of C. sativa and offer valuable genomic resources for ongoing functional and molecular breeding research.

 摘 要 

长期以来，大麻（Cannabis sativa）一直是植物纤维的重要来源，这些纤维主要提取自两大类大麻：hemp type（工业大麻）和drug type（毒品大麻），后者由于含有大麻素化合物而具有重要的药用和娱乐价值。本文中，作者通过对全球110份大麻材料的全基因组重测序，研究了大麻那鲜为人知的驯化历史。作者的研究表明，大麻最早在东亚新石器时代早期被第一次驯化，目前所有的hemp和drug类栽培种大麻分化自一个古老的基因池，该基因池目前可以由中国野生大麻和地方品种所代表。作者进一步鉴定了与hemp和drug类栽培种大麻的分化性状相关的候选基因，包括分枝模式和纤维素/木质素生物合成。作者还发现，在对大麻纤维产量或精神刺激活性的选择过程中，参与合成两种主要生化性竞争大麻素的基因功能出现丢失。本文的研究结果为全球的大麻驯化历史提供了一个独特的视野，同时也为正在进行的大麻功能和分子育种研究提供了宝贵的基因组资源。